古韵学习教材(一.对联)

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发布时间:2016-10-13 00:00

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古韵学习教材(一.对联)

        

课程前言

各位学员:

从今天开始,我来陪伴大家一起学习古韵基础知识。

1. 首先说一下办这个学习班的动机和指导思想。

青诗论坛成立不久,为活跃创作气氛,开展了一系列“同题诗会”活动。研学部发现有一部分诗友与会员的诗词基础知识有些薄弱。有部分爱好诗词的会员尚欠缺系统的基础训练。于是研学部与一归站长研究,以补基础为主旨开办这一学习班。我们的指导思想是,既对完全没有学习过基础的人提供一个入门的学习机会;又能对有了一定基础的人提供一个补基本功的机会。

2. 有鉴于上述办班目的,我们的初步打算是:资料编写得更细化一些,学习进度放慢一点,以求收到更好的效果。

虽然征得多数参学者(“报名学员”)的意见,学习内容采取精简的50课次的安排。但根据以后的实际情况与大家的意见和要求(主要听取“报名学员”的意见,同时也参考青诗各级管理人员并兼顾其他自由学习者的意见),可能再做适当的调整。大家有任何意见或建议,可以直接向我提出,也可以向一归站长反映,我们将及时改进与完善。

3. 做练习的必要性。

有的学员可能说,愿意听一听基本知识讲解,不愿意做练习。看一看资料,增加一些感性知识,自然也有用。但若想真正学会写作,不动手实践写作是不行的。一些人也写古体诗词,许多随性的作品发在群里,群友碍于面子,中肯予以指导的不多,其实横空说一句半句也没什么用;一些人只愿意当“评论者”,说这不好那不妥,其实自己的意见未必都能说到了要害处。利用这个难得的机会,找找自己的差距也是很好的。

4. 有关学习内容方面的答疑。

“报名学员”请在个人的练习本帖上进行一对一的个别答问与辅导。由于我眼神不济和难以及时面对面等各种主客观原因,我一般不在群里答疑。(自由学习者一般不答问),这一点是要请各位特别理解的。

5. 课次的具体内容与安排,以及办班的有关事项,在“站务”版办班通知主帖上长期保留,大家可以随时去查阅:

http://www.wenrenbang.com/blog.asp?wenzhangid=35379

学习资料原编辑成三份,内容目次及安排的课次数是:

古韵自学资料(一)

第一章:对联入门  177课)

第二章:对联进阶  8125课)

第三章:对联提高  (13142课,“对联创作方法介绍”删减)

古韵自学资料(二)

第四章:近体诗     152814课)

第五章:古风与杂体诗 29335课,杂体诗部分删减)

诗综合             34352课)

古韵自学资料(三)

第六章:词   364611课)

第七章:曲   (全章删减)

第八章:赋   (全章删减)

总 综合      47504课)

其中第三章的大部分、第五章的杂体诗部分以及第七章、第八章,因缩减到50课次而删减。但原资料仍发到学习资料的相应位置去,有兴趣自学的朋友可自由去复制留存。作为资料保存,或者据以自学均可。(就免了你再去搜索整理之苦。)为保持这份资料的连续性,请都不要在资料专用帖里回帖,造成中断。

保存学习资料,最好到论坛“知识”版“古韵学习教材(专用帖)”复制:

http://www.wenrenbang.com/blog.asp?wenzhangid=35473

那里保留了文件所有的编辑特征,便于醒目学习。“青诗”群这里只能一色显示,有的符号还不能正常显示。(大家星期六晚听课,或交练习,应回避手机以上电脑为好!)

6. 资料原来是按照一课次一节编写的。如仍这样进行,需要100多个课次。现在安排成50课次,势必其中一课次要进行好几节的学习,这对于完全没有基础的学员,会觉得进度还是太快了些。那没奈何,只有请你服从大局,每周花的时间比别人多一点,以便跟上大家的进度。

   

下面就开始进入课程内容。


留言区(共51条)

2017-08-20 00:00
<span style="font-size:24px;color:#9933E5;"><strong>请不要在这里回帖。有问题发到自己的练习本去咨询。</strong></span>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">附录<span>3</span>:几种联赛格式</span></b><b><span style="font-size:36.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">爱好对联的朋友在一起进行切磋竞赛,有几种常见的比赛规则。现在介绍如下。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">一.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">出上联(或下联),征对下联(或上联);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">二.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">指定主题(包括图片),自撰联。限字数,单句、复句或不限;限时或不限;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">以上两种最为常见。中国楹联学会组织了二十余次联赛,大多采取这些形式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">例如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">2007</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">年举办的第<span>22</span>届联赛的赛题是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">、应对联:<span><br /> </span>出句:一掷千金,夕阳客宿青峰栈<span><br /> 2</span>、命题联:<span><br /> </span>请以“全民迎奥运”为题撰写一副对联,单边<span>4</span>+<span>7</span>句式。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">三.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">按照排律格式联句。定主题,定韵脚,定时限。每人对一句,出一句,不得连续接对,接续的对句和出句自然要求“粘对”。最后评议接对质量和数量;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">例如,最近中华诗词论坛海西板块进行的七排格式联赛:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">规则规定:以“庆上元”为主题;以“七阳”为韵脚;第一个人(下面是“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#333333;">天涯客车</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">”)先写同韵落脚一联(七律要求),再出一句。从第二个人开始,对前一人的出句一句,再为下一人出一句。出句自然必须与自己的对句相粘(平起或仄起一致)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">结果赛事纪录如下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">上元仕女赛灯忙,古国繁荣与日昌。【天涯客车】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">应景诗家多浩叹,安时征客莫忧惶。【吟风道人】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">良宵行乐须温酒,玉镜凝眸初试妆。【拒马河畔一闲人】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">一院春风闻笑语,千家灯火照新乡。【仄仄平平】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">诗情未尽团圆梦,满堂儿女祝安康。【白根路】<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">只应风骨浑如虎,莫道清纯未若唐<span>. </span>【枕石不漱流】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">热血盈胸歌盛世,丹心汇笔写华章。【云尔】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">红霞紫气添风彩,酥雨祥云涨酒觞。【枕流不漱石】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">不惮羸躯吟更瘦。为凭远志气应昂。【拒马河畔一闲人】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">明朝点染千峰翠,异日飘飞五谷香。【枕石不漱流】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">滴水犹堪荣小草,和衣难寐忆甘棠。【仄仄平平】<span> <br /> </span>诗心遥寄多情月,本色当褒有义郎。【天涯客车】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">未老青山夸健足,先衰碧水恨彷徨。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">【文若水】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">人随戎马难求逸,笔构灵犀不算长。【海雨天风】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">韵海千言几诗外,春风百度万花旁。【仄仄平平】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">冰消塞北江南绿,火热诗坛韵味芳。【枕石不漱流】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">昔有骚人能独步,岂无墨客领先航。【客家魂】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">江州又赋琵琶曲,大庆新开创业疆。【仄仄平平】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">四海波涛歌九点,五湖舟楫泛天光。【风肥雨瘦】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">兴农更拟桑田事,致富堪描快乐乡。【天涯客车】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">椽笔千钧惩腐恶,黑云几朵失窝藏。【风肥雨瘦】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">网坛民意悄然起,廉政清风大发扬。【风肥雨瘦】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">红杏枝头初绽蕾,清风亭上更和阳。【白根路】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">吟家何苦掉书袋?联句无由费脑浆。【风肥雨瘦】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">但得家山添锦绣,敢抛热血铸辉煌。【天涯客车】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">文心自许扪星斗,胸胆依然压太行。【拒马河畔一闲人】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">我向云霄风正劲,君搜玉屑兴犹亢。【枕石不漱流】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">凭栏不觉衣沾露<span>,</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">倚马立成毫颖霜。【天涯客车】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">君子可为天下事,高人不匿袖中方。【枕石不漱流】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">欣逢盛世当秣马<span>,</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">苦待佳人空断肠。【海雨天风】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">一自河州千古唱,每经灵璧七情伤。【秋 夜 明】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">金樽颂酒青莲醉,玉碗陈情紫气茫。【海雨天风】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">永郡风寒柳公骨,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">会稽日暖澹斋床。【吟风道人】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">疏梅点点点幽径,奇句长长长锦囊。【枕石不漱流】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">峰壑争从心眼入,海川纳自细涓滂。【天涯客车】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">有容乃大平常语,无欲则刚挺拔杨。【秋 夜 明】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">感悟心灵成妙韵,如来佛水落闲塘。【风肥雨瘦】<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">风吹竹叶秧歌劲,雨打莲盘花鼓狂。【秋 夜 明】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">秃笔勤耕方寸地,浮云闲卧九重冈。【仄仄平平】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">严冬过后春红即,挚友登门酒意张。【晨曦朝晖】<span><br /> </span>雅曲相邀天外客,俚歌羞献赋中王。【枕流不漱石】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">诚心拾履吾能效,回首嗅梅皆可仿。【仄仄平平】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">欲共清辉登桂殿,思随角羽弄莺簧。【枕流不漱石】 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">红牙绿绮凭君好,苦海甘泉任汝尝。【晨曦朝晖】<span><br /> </span>岳作纶巾云作带,心哀闰徵曲哀商。【海雨天风】<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">一从元白金兰后,多少英雄慕脊梁。【海雨天风】</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">四.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">定意境,定时间,定字数(多为复句),自由拟联。评议质量;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">例如:风之舞者提供的下面联赛:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">以<span>“</span>洛阳景胜<span>”</span>为题,拟成联,单边字数<span>16</span>字以上,时间:<span>16</span>分钟。<span><br /> </span>水月千秋,金谷春晴,龙门山色,如斯美景皆归我,<span><br /> </span>烟云几笔,铜驼暮雨,马寺钟声,一脉风流尽入眸。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">以<span>“</span>人淡如菊<span>”</span>写成联,单边<span>15</span>字以上,时间<span>15</span>分钟。<span><br /> </span>已做陶翁,不使折腰求五斗,且在篱边舍下,勤耕诗田半亩,<span><br /> </span>常读青简,还当扶醉饮三旬,暂于案上琴间,借取流水一弦。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">以<span>“</span>疑是玉人来 <span>”</span>为题,拟成联,单边<span>18</span>字以上。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">月色依依,凝注时,为尔隔墙翘首,心动中,怅惘意徘徊,醒了?醉了<span>?<br /> </span>琴声袅袅,恍惚里,是谁扶案踌躇,风起处,萧疏花弄影,是耶?非耶?<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题。意境:错过<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">一别经年, 眉梢眼角依稀是,<span><br /> </span>相思过往, 梦里樽中几度寻。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题<span>&nbsp; </span>意境:花飞人独立<span> <br /> </span>东风负我,依然春去花无冢,<span><br /> </span>明月瘦伊,最是红飞影孑然。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">6. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题。意境:奈何桥上逢知己<span>&nbsp; <br /> </span>大限将临,平生寂寞无人问,<span><br /> </span>无常早到,一梦欣然遇故人。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">7. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题。意境:恨我归来花已落<span> <br /> </span>怅惘东风,经年负我簪花梦,<span><br /> </span>踌躇燕子,别后累春逐水情。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">8. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题,意境:相逢犹记春衫淡<span> <br /> </span>流年似水,春衫犹系秋千架,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">清泪无痕,旧梦独回燕子楼。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">9. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题,意境:相对两无言<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; <br /> </span>若此情殇,辜负当年明月,<span><br /> </span>如斯心事,等同别后春思。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">10. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题,意境:错付人间多少恨<span> <br /> </span>弹指烟飞,空负这春风明月,良辰美景,<span><br /> </span>转头鬓老,错关心知己红颜,寂夜秋声。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">11. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题,意境:零落秋声今又是<span><br /> </span>声声慢,声声凌乱,似此秋声今又是,<span><br /> </span>字字幽,字字伶仃,如斯漏夜亦如昔。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">12. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">联题<span>&nbsp;</span>意境:简约心事如烟淡<span><br /> </span>素纸青笺,惟记取春花秋月,曾经过往,<span><br /> </span>小桥流水,还徘徊蓝伞伊人,欲觅前缘。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:&quot;color:blue;">13. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">题联,意境:以花落伤春泪。单边18字,时间15分钟<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">薄幸伤谁,看一地残红落拓,犹叹东风摧好梦,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">无凭似我,念千般韵致归空,依然流水负芳菲。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:&quot;color:blue;">14. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">分咏:汤圆,豆腐<span> <br /> </span>蜜意从来藏腹里,<span><br /> </span>清白自此落盘中<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">15. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">分咏:海棠,知了<span> <br /> </span>潇湘笔底夺魁首,<span><br /> </span>白露枝头了余生<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">16. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">合咏 化蝶<span><br /> </span>水月无缘终旧事,<span><br /> </span>庄周一梦许三生。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">17. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">题联,意境:红尘之外。单边<span>8</span>字以上,<span>15</span>分钟<span> <br /> </span>不侍功名,蓬门以内梅知己,<span><br /> </span>独酌风月,琥珀杯中月旧邻。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">18. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">题联,意境:乱红飞过秋千去。单边<span>15</span>字以上,<span>15</span>分钟<span><br /> </span>翠色堆烟,一屏春味别章台,浮清泪,试问眉间依旧否?<span><br /> </span>沉香断梦,几重帘幕遮去路,语冰弦,休弹架上逝如昔。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">19. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">题联,意境:山居来客。单边<span>7</span>字以上,时间<span>15</span>分。<span> <br /> </span>山居寂寞,柴扉轻叩何人访,<span><br /> </span>云径幽深,破履倒汲故友迎。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">20. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">题联,意境:宠辱不惊。单边<span>8</span>字以上,<span>15</span>分钟<span> <br /> </span>一蓑烟雨任舟横,浮名淡却,<span><br /> </span>几度沧桑浮耳过,岁月等闲。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">21. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">题联,意境:雁。单边<span>8</span>字以上,<span>15</span>分钟<span> <br /> </span>常为过客,来去间为谁捎书递简,<span><br /> </span>也是归人,扶摇处任尔寄梦飞秋。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">22. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">题联。意境:登楼,单边<span>8</span>字以上,<span>15</span>分钟<span><br /> </span>是处凭栏,清江一叶泊天际,<span><br /> </span>斯时扶醉,孑影空楼过楚声。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">23. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">题联。意境:王侯将相宁有种乎。单边<span>15</span>字以上,<span>20</span>分钟<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">休言他垂垂老矣,一朝得意,便钓来江山八百载,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">莫笑我弱弱稚乎,十二掌权,也赢得上古四贤名。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">等。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">其他格式的联赛可能还有,不尽一一。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:maroon;">(对联部分结束)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:33.0pt;text-indent:2.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">《联律通则》第二章的有关解读</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:7.85pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(这里的主要内容采自“叶子彤”发表的有关解说)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">《联律通则》第二章,即<span style="color:red;">传统对格</span>部分,主要是对于历史上传统诗文运用骈词俪句,逐步形成、不断优化且沿用至今的属对格式予以梳理,并明确规定“凡符合传统修辞对格,即可视为成对”。从而确立其在楹联格律学中的地位。《联律通则》中所列举的传统属对格式,主要是:<span style="color:#323E32;"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">字法中的叠语、嵌字、衔字;音法中的借音、谐音、联绵;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">词法中的互成、交股、转品;句法中的当句、鼎足、流水;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">等。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">相对于基本规则而言,传统对格则是属于更为高级、繁杂的范畴,许多内容涉及楹联修辞学。在掌握了基本规则之后,又懂得了传统对格,楹联的创作和赏析就可以进入妙境。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">(一)传统修辞对格。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">叠语对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“叠语”,是指同样词语,在句际间重复使用、两两对举的修辞法。(包括单句联的上下联,以及多句联的分句之间。)应用较多的情况是在句内自对中,含重字自对者均为叠语对。使用叠语修辞法,把重要的词语及其所表述的重要的事物或观念,一再反复出现,可以取得一唱三叹的效果,富有联语的节奏美。例如,民国喻长霖题浙江杭州岳飞庙墓联:<span>&nbsp;<span style="color:#323E32;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">有汉一人,有宋一人,百世清风关岳并;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">奇才绝代,奇冤绝代,千秋毅魄日星悬。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">联语以议论之笔,评赞有加,充分表达了作者对岳飞一生精忠报国之“清风”、“毅魂”的缅怀与仰慕,典切雅致。上联两个“有”字,下联两个“奇”字,称首叠;只叠一个字,称一叠。上联“一人”两字、下联“绝代”两字重复,称尾叠;叠了两个字,称二叠。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌字对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“嵌字对”进阶篇已经详述不赘。例如,民国王闿运题浙江杭州曲园联:<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">曲</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">径通幽处;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">园</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">林无俗情。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此联为集句联。联语以鹤顶格嵌入“曲园”二字,可谓妙化天成。虽然“曲”与“园”二字词性不同,且“曲径”为偏正结构、“园林”为并列结构,然只作整体名词视之,可也。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">衔字对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“衔字”,是指联语中一个字衔接着一个相同的字,以增强语意的节奏感及其情趣。清梁章钜在《浪迹丛谈·卷七·巧对补录》中所记述的:“‘无锡锡山山无锡’之句,久无属对,朱兰坡先生(清代学者)以‘平湖湖水水平湖’对之。”此为一例。衔字修辞法,是把两个分句紧密地缩合成一句,诵读时要在两个字之间稍作停顿,不能把两字当成叠音词连读。这是衔字对与同字叠用的连珠对不同之处,即同字叠用所构成的叠音词中间不可以有停顿,如“喜茫茫空阔无边”。例如,民国叶征题浙江杭州四照阁联:     </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">面面有情,环水抱山山抱水;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">心心相印,因人传地地传人。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">联语平实质朴,切景、切情,通俗而淡雅。上联之“山”与下联之“地”为衔字相接,与此同时,采用反复修辞手法,遣“水”、“人”、“抱”、“传”等字在同一联句中再次使用,而音、义均无改变,尤见其结构匠心。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">借音对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“借音”,是指借用某个字的音与本来不能相对的字成对。这在辞格上称为“借对”。从语音修辞角度来说,亦称“借音”。例如,唐李商隐《锦瑟》诗中的颈联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">沧海月明珠有泪;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">蓝田日暖玉生烟。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">联语中诗人以“珠”、“玉”自喻,不仅喻才能,更喻德行和理想,由此抒发自己禀具卓越的才德,却不为世用的悲哀之情。上联“沧”字与颜色词“苍”同音,借以与下联“蓝”字相对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">谐音对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“谐音”,是指利用语言文字同音或近音的关系,使一个字、词构成表里两层意思,使之涉及到两件事情、多件事或两种内容、多种内容。谐音修辞法的作用,可以一语双关地表达作者所要表达的意思,含蓄委婉,幽默诙谐,耐人寻味。例如,明陈洽儿时与父同行,只见两舟一快一慢地驶于江中,父出句、子遂对句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">两舟并行,橹速不如帆快;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">八音齐奏,笛清难比箫和。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">联语表面之意,似乎是眼前景色的描绘:两舟并行,摇橹的船速不如帆船快;八音齐奏,笛声之清脆难比箫音之婉转平和。但,联语采用谐音修辞法表达了更深层次的涵义:以“橹速”谐音喻指东吴都督“鲁肃”,以“帆快”谐音喻指西汉大将“樊哙”;以“笛清”谐音喻指北宋大将“狄青”,以“箫和”谐音指西汉相国“萧何”,借以评论历史人物。上联谓三国的鲁肃不如汉初的樊哙,文不如武;下联则谓北宋的狄青难比汉代的萧何,武难比文,起到了寓情于景的特殊效果。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">6.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">联绵对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“联绵”,是指“两字相续,或以其形,或以其事,或以其声”相缀成义而不能分割。此为修辞中的一格。其主要特点,一是组成联绵词的两字,是一个不可分割的整体,表示一个概念,如“葡萄”是一种水果的名字,不能拆开来解释;二是组成联绵词的两字只有表音作用,字形与词义并无必然联系,因而在古代书籍中往往有多种不同的写法,如“犹豫”也写作“忧豫”;三是组成联绵词的两字,多数有双声或者叠韵的关系,亦分别称“双声联绵”(即两字声母相同,如“鸳鸯”、“玲珑”)、“叠韵联绵”(即两字韵母相同,如“烂漫”、“缥缈”)、也有“非双声叠韵”(如“葡萄”、“玻璃”),有的还同属一个偏旁,如“逍遥”、“磅礴”。<span style="color:fuchsia;">在对联创作中,联绵词必须与联绵词相对,其词性相同尤佳,但也允许词性不同。</span>例如,民国邱菽园题缅甸仰光孤屿园居联:<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">芳草密粘天,缥缈楼台开画本;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">轻鸥闲傲我,苍茫烟水足菰蒲。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">联语描绘孤屿园的美丽景色,突现清远之画境,悠闲之心境,流露出怡然自乐的感情。上联联绵词“缥缈”与下联联绵词“苍茫”相对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">7.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">互成对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“互成”这一修辞格式,首见于唐弘法大师《文镜秘府论·二十九种对》,其将“互成对”与“的名对”(即同类词语之工对)进行对比,指出“互成对者,天与地对,日与月对,麟与凤对,金与银对,台与殿对,楼与榭对。两字若上下句安之,名的名对;若两字一处用之,是名互成对,言互相成也。”前人将互成对与同类对等同看待,应当引起后人的重视,所以,我们将同类单字连用,然后上下联对应相对,规范地称其为互成对。如“日月光天德,山河壮帝居”中,<span style="color:fuchsia;">上联“日月”对下联“山河”,均为同类单字连用,这种格式即为互成对,</span>而不能理解为“日”与“月”,以及“山”与“河”的自对。例如,民国魏定南题湖南临武学署联:<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">闲地却逢忙世界;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">冷官偏有热心肠。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">联语以“闲”与“忙”、“冷”与“热”,互为反衬,谐趣其中,耐人赏玩。“世界”与“心肠”则为同类单字连用,构成互成对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">8.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">交股对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“交股”,是指上下联中的两对词语在不同的语法位置上交错互对。交股修辞法,刻意避开整齐、均衡、雷同的词语形式,使上下联词语别异,形式参差,错落有致,产生活泼多变的优美辞面。例如,唐李群玉《杜丞相宴中赠美人》诗中之句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">裙拖</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">六幅</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">湘江</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">水;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">鬟耸</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">巫山</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一段</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">云。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">上联“六幅”、“湘江”分别与下联“一段”、“巫山”,不是依次相对,而是交错相对,达到了词语形式新颖、灵动的效果。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">9.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">转品对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“转品”,即转类,是指凭借上下联语的条件,字词由一种词性转变为另一种词性而用之,其意义也随之变化。转品修辞法也是常用修辞手法之一,其作用在于增加联语的意象,在感觉上有惊人的一新。一句古诗“春风又绿江南岸”,其中的“绿”字即为转品修辞之成功范例。“绿”原本是形容颜色,其词性为形容词,诗句中转变作动词使用,效果非同凡响。运用转品修辞法时要注意合乎情理,符合事物的特性,尽可能地使之具体化、情趣化。例如,康有为挽刘光第联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">死得其所,光第真光第也;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">生沦异域,有为安有为哉。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">刘光第乃“戊戌六君子”之一,变法失败后英勇就义,康有为撰此联挽之。作者将自己的名“有为”和逝者的名“光第”巧嵌联中,进而采用转品修辞手法,衍义成文,构思颇为奇特。上联第一个“光第”指刘光第,第二个“光第”指光耀门第,是对志士仁人的崇高评价。下联第一个“有为”指作者自己,第二个“有为”指有所作为。“安有为哉”,几多醒世的反思。词性的悄然转变,令联语形式别开生面,感情真挚深沉,给人以回环跌宕之感。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">10.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">当句对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“当句”,是指在上下联各自的联文中,一些字词或句子与另一些字词或句子各自成对。宋洪迈在《容斋随笔》中有“于句中自成对偶,谓之当句对”之说。当句修辞法,是古今联家乐于运用的一种格式。它突破了对联单纯的上下联对仗的局限,拓宽了对联创作的思路,活跃了对联字少意广的表现形式。当句修辞法中也有工对与宽对,尤以宽对更具魅力。从具体的字词或句子自对情况来看,当句修辞法一般可以分成三种:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">一是联中自对式</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#323E32;">,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">即在多分句联中,两个分句以上自对,亦可称<span style="color:fuchsia;">语句自对</span><span style="color:#323E32;">;<span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">二是句中自对式</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#323E32;">,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">即在一个分句中,两个词语(包括词和词组)以上自对,亦可称<span style="color:fuchsia;">词语自对</span><span style="color:#323E32;">;<span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">三是词中自对式</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#323E32;">,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">即在一个词语中两个字以上自对,亦可称<span style="color:fuchsia;">字词自对</span><span style="color:#323E32;">。</span>例如,民国袁金铠题辽宁辽阳魁星阁联:<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">时势慨风云,问意态如何,俯槛眼开,应想象一塔凌云,千山拔地;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">奎光焕星斗,赖文章不朽,登楼心赏,莫忘怀瑶峰墨宝,衍水诗篇。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">联语雄浑绮丽,情景交融,上联描绘壮丽的景色,画意浓郁,下联展现绚丽的文彩,诗情淡荡。此联结尾两个分句采用当句自对修辞手法,上联之“一塔凌云”与“千山拔地”成对;下联之“瑶峰墨宝”与“衍水诗篇”成对。但,上联之“一塔凌云”与“千山拔地”为主谓宾结构;而下联之“瑶峰墨宝”与“衍水诗篇”为偏正结构,完全不相对。所以,<span style="color:fuchsia;">这是宽松相对式的联中自对</span><span style="color:#323E32;">。</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">11.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">鼎足对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“鼎足”,是指三个句子排比对举,鼎足而三。严格而言,这一修辞格式并不符合骈偶的基本定义,惟有以一出句两对句来解释。但是,既已习成对格之一,亦别具一格。例如,元曲四大家之一马致远《夜行船·秋思》中的<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">红尘不向门前惹,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">绿树偏宜屋角遮,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">青山正补墙头缺。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">用鲜明的对比色描写作者隐居尘外的清幽环境,构图别具匠心:绿树青山本来一近一远,层次分明,但一遮屋角,一补墙缺,便象四围遮挡红尘的屏障,将自己严严实实地封闭在竹篱茅舍之中,成为隔绝是非名利的小天地。此三句同样采用鼎足修辞手法,收到了完美的艺术效果。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">必须指出的是,在楹联创作实践中,<span style="color:fuchsia;">真正三句成独立一章的极少,而往往是以“鼎”对“鼎”用之,即以三个词组属句缀偶、排比自对的形式出现</span><span style="color:#323E32;">,</span>如世传名联<span style="color:#323E32;"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">花好月圆人寿,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">时和岁乐年丰。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">12.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">流水对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“流水”,是指上下联在语意上有先有后,相承相接。流水修辞法的基本特征就是上下联之间语意连贯,语气衔接,不可分割,不能随意颠倒,似水顺流而下,构成承接、递进、转折、选择、条件、因果、假设等关系,如王之涣《登鹳雀楼》之<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">欲穷千里目;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">更上一层楼,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">是条件关系,更上一层楼才能看得更远,上下联不能颠倒过来;毛泽东《和郭沫若同志》之<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">金猴奋起千钧棒;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">玉宇澄清万里埃,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">是因果关系,上下联也不能颠倒过来。可见,流水修辞法不求形式上的严格工整,而注重联语一气呵成,语意自然连贯,如行云流水,以达到妙韵天成之艺术化境。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">楹联的创作离不开修辞。从语言学角度来说,为提高语言表达效果,人们在上千年的对偶修饰实践过程中,产生了很多纷繁复杂的形式变化,由此而形成了数量可观的具有特定结构、特定方法、特定功能,并为社会所公认,符合一定类聚系统要求的言语模式,即传统修辞属对格式。《联律通则》所列举上述十二种传统修辞对格仅是其中主要的、常用的一部分。除此之外,还有许多灵活多变、多趣多姿的修辞手段和方法,如语音修辞中的同音、异音、押韵,文字修辞中的析字、镶字、同旁、顶针,词语修辞中的回文、用典、成语,以及语法修辞中的设问、对比、比拟,等等。所有这些,始终都是修辞意义上的对偶辞格。其中,有些是符合现代汉语语法学上“词性与结构相对”规则,但也有许多并不能用简单的“词性与结构相对”来概括。正因为如此,《联律通则》从楹联修辞学的角度,对传统修辞对格在对联文体中的应用作出了“从宽”的明确规定,即在运用传统修辞对格时,<span style="color:fuchsia;">若出现与现代汉语语法学角度的“基本规则”不相吻合的情况时,那就认可传统辞格,放宽“基本规则”</span>,从而对传统的对联创作手法进行了全方位的继承。这就是制定《联律通则》所坚持的“开承性”原则。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">所谓“从宽”是与现代汉语语法学角度的“基本规则”相对而言的。“从宽”并非“出格”。事实上,通过对上述一些传统修辞属对格式的解析,我们可以感悟到“从宽”之难度更大、要求更严,当属更为高级、繁杂的层次,诚如现代学者钱钟书在《谈艺录》中所说的“愈能使不类为类,愈见诗人心手之妙。”按“基本规则”撰联,“从法而入”,在形式上固然工稳,但过于拘谨、呆板,往往束缚作者思想感情的充分表达。而善于“从法而出”,纯熟地运用传统修辞属对格式及其修辞技巧,并拥有丰富的语藏,得心应手地掌握属文缀偶的词法、句法、对仗种类,乃至节律的调控,便可以进入汇古通今的境界。这才是楹联创作的最高境界,即化境。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">综合上述,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">楹联的创作实践可以归纳为三个层次:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">首先,初学遵守基本规则,所有对联知识从打基础开始,学会对对子,称为“常境”;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其次,知晓古今,能独立创作出对仗工整、声辨律清的佳联,称为“妙境”;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第三,则为“化境”。这是个“先从法入,后从法出”的过程。这也是制定《联律通则》所坚持的“层次性”原则。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">(二)用字的声调平仄。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">根据“基本规则”,对联词语的节奏点位置要做到“平仄对立”,这就势必涉及具体用字的平仄判定问题。由于汉字读音随时代而变化的缘故,宋代以后形成的“平水韵”与现代汉语普通话的读音之间,已经发生了很大的变化,尤为突出的就是现代汉语普通话已经全部取消了平水韵中的入声分类,而将其分别派入了其它三声之中。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对此,《联律通则》明确规定“用字的声调平仄遵循汉语音韵学的成规”,实行“双轨制”,即划分平仄既可以遵循古代“平水韵”,以平声为平,上声、去声、入声为仄;也可以按照现代汉语普通话的正规读音,以阴平、阳平为平,上声、去声为仄。但是,在同一副对联中两者不可以混用。无疑,这是普及与传承、提高的需要,也是制定《联律通则》所坚持的“时代性”原则。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">(三)使用领字、衬字,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">介词、连词、助词、叹词、拟声词,以及三个音节及其以上的数量词,凡在句首、句中允许不拘平仄,且可视之为嵌入联句中的、与节奏声律无关的因素,不与前后相连的词语一起计节奏。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">领字。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">领字,源于古赓歌,是词曲特有的一种句法,对联用之。一般情况下,它处于句首位置,起引领下句(一句或数句)的作用,或在句意转折、过渡之处,起串合、联结各句的作用。领字在对联中的应用,常见<span style="color:fuchsia;">一字领、二字领、三字领,亦称一字豆、二字豆、三字豆,当然也有四字领,乃至五字领、七字领等。</span>对联中领字常由动词、副词、连词或短语充当,平仄皆有,虽然上下联之间以平仄相对为佳,但也可不计平仄。王力先生《诗词格律》中说:“一字豆是词的特点之一。懂得一字豆,才不至于误解词句的平仄。有些五字句,实际上是上一下四”,于联也当如此。例如,民国张一麐题江苏苏州冷香阁联:<span>&nbsp;<span style="color:#323E32;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">高阁此登临,试领略太湖帆影,古寺钟声,有如蓟子还乡,触手铜仙总凄异;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">大吴仍巨丽,最惆怅恨别禽心,感时花泪,安得生公说法,点头顽石亦慈悲。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">上联登临赏景,忧思寓于帆影、钟声之中;下联敞怀寄慨,洒落感时之泪,寄托恨别之情。联语化用古人名诗之句,如唐张继《枫桥夜泊》之诗句:“姑苏城外寒山寺,夜半钟声到客船”;唐杜甫《春望》之诗句:“感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心”,清新而不落俗套,洒脱而见雅致。“试领略”、“最惆怅”,则是三字领。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">衬字</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">。衬字,是元曲中特有的句法特点,即曲牌所规定的格式之外另加的字。它的作用是补充正字语意的缺漏,使之内容更加完整、充实,语言更加周密、丰富或生动,或者使字句与音乐旋律更加贴合。衬字一般用于句首或句中,不占用乐曲的节拍、音调。衬字在对联中偶有运用,因为衬字多无实际意义,故平仄要求可以不拘;与其对应的字,可用衬字,也可不用衬字。例如,题明魏忠贤生祠联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">至圣至神,中乾坤而立极;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">允文允武,并日月以常新。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">联语中,“允”是衬字,不需解释其义,只用来补足二字而成音步。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">介词。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">介词,是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词,如“在”、“和”、“跟”、“从”、“除了”、“为了”、“关于”,等等。介词在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词作它的宾语,介词依附在实词或短语前面,共同构成“介词短语”,用于标明跟动作、性状有关的时间、处所、方式、原因、目的、施事、受事、对象等。因为介词本身并无实际意义,在介宾结构中只充当修饰成份,故可以放宽词性及平仄方面的要求。例如,清秦大士题浙江杭州岳飞鄂王墓联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">人从宋后羞名桧;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">我到坟前愧姓秦。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此联构思新巧,立意深刻,既切合身份,又不失尊严。尤为可贵的是作者毫不忌讳,直抒“愧姓秦”之感慨,既有自惭之情,又有自解之意。上联“从”系介词,而下联以动词“到”与之相对,从宽之。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">.连词。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">连词,是用来连接词与词、词组与词组或句子与句子,以表示并列、承接、转折、因果、选择、假设、比较、让步等某种逻辑关系的虚词。常用的连词,包括并列连词“和”、“跟”、“与”、“况且”、“乃至”等;承接连词“则”、“乃”、“而”、“如”、“于是”等;转折连词“却”、“但是”、“然而”、“只是”、“不过”等;因果连词“原来”、“因为”、“以致”等;选择连词“或”、“非……即”、“不是……就是”等;假设连词“若”、“如果”、“要是”等;比较连词“像”、“好比”、“如同”、“与其……不如”等;让步连词“虽然”、“尽管”、“纵然”、“即使”等。连词是比副词、介词更虚的一个词类,在联语中只有语法上的功能,没有任何修饰作用,故连词的词性与平仄要求可以放宽。例如,咏竹联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">未出土时先有节;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">纵凌云处也虚心。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">联语化自宋徐庭筠《咏竹》诗之颔联:“未出土时先有节,便凌云去也无心”,表达了竹节节高升、积极向上之精神风貌,但又不失虚心豁达、刚正不阿之美德。上联“未”、“先”为副词,下联“纵”为连词、“也”为副词,配合用之而成对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#323E32;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">5</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">.助词。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">助词,是指附着在词、短语、句子的前面或后面,表示结构关系或某些附加意义的虚词。助词有结构助词,如“的”、“地”、“得”、“所”等;时态助词,如“了”、“着”、“过”等;语气助词,如“吗”、“呢”、“吧”、“啊”等。除在句尾这样的关键位置之外,联语中的助词词性与平仄要求允许从宽,即在词性与平仄上能调适自然好;难调适时,从宽不论,以保内容为要义。例如,湖南衡山南天门酒楼联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">来吧,来吧,都道是此间乐;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">轻点,轻点,莫惊了天上人。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#323E32;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">联语遣词俗语化,且历史典故化而用之。上联化自三国蜀后主刘禅<span>“</span>此间乐,不思蜀也<span>”</span>之句。下联化自唐李白《夜宿山寺》<span>“</span>危楼高百尺,手可摘星辰。不敢高声语,恐惊天上人<span>”</span>之诗句,将服务令人满意、所处位置高峻等意思,非常委婉含蓄地以口语表达出来,高明之至。上联<span>“</span>来<span>”</span>动词、<span>“</span>吧<span>”</span>语气助词;下联<span>“</span>轻<span>”</span>形容词、<span>“</span>点<span>”</span>动态助词,互为相对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">6</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">.叹词。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">叹词,是指表示感叹、呼唤、应答的一类词,常用的有 “哈哈”、“唉呀”、“啊”、“哼”、“呸”、“哎哟”、“咳”、“哦”、“嗯”,等等。叹词具有独立性,它不跟其它词组合,也不充当句子成分,能独立成句。对联中的叹词一般可以不计平仄相对之要求。例如,浙江杭州岳飞庙铸有秦桧夫妇铁像跪于岳飞墓前,有人摹拟秦桧与其妻王氏互相埋怨的语气撰一联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">咳!仆本丧心,有贤妻何若至此;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">啐!妾虽长舌,非老贼不到如今。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">上联摹秦桧,下联摹王氏,一怨一驳,其语调口吻刻画入微,活灵活现,令人捧腹。联语第一字为叹词,可不论平仄。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">7</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">.拟声词。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">拟声词,是指摹拟自然界声音的一类词汇,如“乒乓”、“扑哧”、“扑通”、“喀嚓”、“滴答”、“丁东”、“叮当”,等等。对联中运用拟声词,给人以身临其境、如闻其声之感觉,在平仄要求上可以适当从宽。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如,杭州西湖九溪十八涧有“曲曲环环路;叮叮咚咚泉”之联句,“叮叮咚咚”为拟声词,均为平声,可以从宽。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">8</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">.数量词。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">数量词,系数词和量词连用时的合称。数词,是指表示数量或顺序的词;量词,是指表示人、事物或动作的数量单位的词。数量词的相对,能做到平仄相对并按音步交替固然好,但在平水韵中,绝大多数的数词和数位词是仄声,所以,习惯上三个音节及其以上的数量词,允许不拘平仄,只计最后一字的平仄就行。例如,“近约十二万年后”、“南朝四百八十寺”、“一百八十记早晚钟声”等,这样的联句、用法很多,可以说是俯拾即是,《联律通则》作此规定,求实求是,不在既有术语概念上自缚。例如,清薛时雨题江苏南京清凉寺联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">四百八十寺,过眼成墟,幸岚影江光,犹有天然好图画;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">三万六千场,回头是梦,问善男信女,可知此地最清凉。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上联借用唐杜牧《江南春》“南朝四百八十寺,多少楼台烟雨中”之的诗句,称多少寺庙已成废墟,惟有山光水色依旧,犹如天然绘就的美妙图画。下联指即使人活百年,天天做佛事,到头来如梦一场,何如寄情于山水,享受美好的风光呢?这是对自然胜景可陶冶情操的赞美和向往。“四百八十寺”与“三万六千场”,数量词相对,其平仄从宽之。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">(四)避忌问题。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">.合掌。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">合掌,是指上下联对仗中意义相似或相同的现象。这是撰写楹联的一大忌。对偶修辞的本意是通过上下联句对举,而拓展语言的表现力及内涵容量,但,合掌的联句却字多意寡,上下联对应位置中语意重复,既非相互对立,又非互为补充,造成了词语的浪费,且徒增累赘,故应避忌之。尤其是“基本规则”中要求词性对品,一些楹联爱好者错把“合掌”当工对,这种现象时有发生。如“千忧集日夜,万感盈朝昏”、“日月如梭逝,光阴似箭飞”之类的联句,几乎都用同义、近义词相对,合掌。记得,唐郎士元《送别钱起》诗中有“暮蝉不可听;落叶岂堪闻”之句,“不可听”与“岂堪闻”,乃是犯了“合掌”毛病的败笔。需要指出的是,<span style="color:fuchsia;">一副楹联是不是“合掌”,主要看上下联意思是不是重复、雷同,而不能只看一词一语是不是同义或近义。</span>例如,悼烈士联“烈士丰功垂万代;英雄伟绩著千秋。”联中“万代”与“千秋”是两个近义词相对,均是泛指时间久远,没有实质上的差别,因而“合掌”。但是,在题三苏祠联“诸葛相祠垂万代;三苏文苑溯千秋”中,同样的词语就不算“合掌”。为什么?上联“万代”,泛指长久、永久,颂扬武侯祠的盛名伴随着诸葛亮的高风亮节世世代代流传下去;而下联的“千秋”,则是实指,词义与“万代”有实质区别,指北宋苏洵和苏轼、苏辙父子的生平、著述让我们追溯到一千年前的宋代。联文中一“垂”一“溯”,为反向推演,“万代”与“千秋”一虚一实,不仅不“合掌”,反而贴切中肯,对仗工稳。所以,在楹联创作、赏析、评审中一定要把握好判断“合掌”的尺度。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">.不规则重字。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">不规则重字,是指一副对联中出现两个或多个相同的不规则字。在联文中运用重字修辞技巧时,必须做到上下联中与重字相对应的必须是另外一个重字,即规则重字。规则重字不仅确保了上下联之间完美的对称性,而且增加了联语的难度和趣味性。但是,不规则重字却破坏了上下联之间的对称法则,属于对联文体中严重的形式缺陷。作为一般的应酬之作,由于作者一时疏忽而造成了不规则重字,也不必进行深究,古人传世名联中也偶有不规则重字出现;但在征联参赛或为正式场合撰写楹联时,务必细致检查,避免不规则重字的出现。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">.律诗句式中,仄收句尾三仄;平收句尾三平。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">尾三仄,是指七言律句“仄仄平平平仄仄”中,第五字应平而仄;五言律句“平平平仄仄”中,第三字应平而仄,造成收尾三字均为仄声的情况。三仄尾在古人律诗中偶有所见,应该尽量避免出现,但在确实无法避开的情况下,也可入联。<span style="color:fuchsia;">需要注意的是,“尾三仄”只是指五七言律诗句式而言,非五七言句,或一四句式的五言、三四句式的七言,则不必拘求。</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">尾三平,是指七言律句“平平仄仄仄平平”中,第五字应仄而平;五言律句“仄仄仄平平”中,第三字应仄而平,造成收尾三字均为平声的情况。三平尾在古人律诗中极为罕见,应该是律诗创作的大忌,五七言律句式对联基本上沿用诗律,故也以三平尾为大忌。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">第<span>13</span>课次<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</span>、<span>2</span>两段</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">第三部分:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">提高篇<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">序言:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联学习的入门篇和进阶篇已经将对联的基本格律要求学完了。提高篇的内容,主要是前面未曾详述的一些问题:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:57.75pt;text-indent:-24.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">1.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对《联律通则》的部分解读 (<span>2.</span>);<span style="color:purple;">129</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="color:purple;">第<span>13</span>课<span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:57.75pt;text-indent:-24.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">2.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联的文学美 (<span>10.</span>);<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;145&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="color:purple;">第<span>14</span>课</span><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:57.75pt;text-indent:-24.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">3.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">诗钟与对联 (<span>11.</span>)<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 156</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:57.75pt;text-indent:-24.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">4.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">切题与欣赏 (<span>12.</span>);<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 160&nbsp;&nbsp; 175</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#FF6600;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#FF6600;">附录<span>1</span>对联技法 (原<span>3.4.5</span><span>.6.7.</span>);<span>&nbsp; &nbsp;176</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#FF6600;">附录<span>2</span>实用对联 (原<span>8.9.</span>);<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#FF6600;">附录<span>3.</span>联赛方式<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;271&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 278</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.95pt;text-indent:79.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#FF6600;">(土红色部分,因课时限制删减)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">提高篇的学习,对初学者不是必须的,把资料留着以后有必要时再进一步学习即可。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">提高篇的主要课题任务应该是以自己的实践,经验、功力的积累为主。不像知识的传授,要靠反复的练习,甚至也包括旁类知识的融会贯通和启迪。例如诗与联,本就是相通的。对联的水平会促进诗词写作水平的提高;诗词意境的酝酿和营造又会反过来促进对句水平的提高。因此一部分对联功力的提高训练,可待学习了诗词之后再来促进与提高。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:red;">7. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">实用联的撰写(二)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(<span>6</span>)<span>.</span>行业联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">药店联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">但愿人皆健 <span>/</span>何妨我独贫。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——宁波名医范文甫自题。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">纵使有钱难买命,须知无药可通神<span> //</span>独有痴儿渐远志,更无慈母望当归。<span><br /> </span>——【清末】湖北明医何九香先生,母亲病故后悲思万千,遂自题一门联。以独特的构思,嵌入远志、当归两味中药名,来寄托自己对慈母的哀思和怀念,可谓情真意切。<span><br /> <br /> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">酒店联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">诗甘称弟子<span> /</span>酒不让先生。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——某地太白楼联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">入座三杯醉者也<span> /</span>出门一拱歪之乎。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——河南睢州某酒店联。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">黄酒童鸡风味<span> /</span>白发老妪生涯。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为沪上一老妪设一小摊,售黄酒白鸡而作联。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">人我皆醉<span> /</span>天地一沤。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为上海望平街一酒肆名酒沤所悬之联。<span><br /> </span>浩歌不觉乾坤小<span> /</span>酣饮方知日月长。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为香港小陶芳酒楼所悬之联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">出天天大道本自然,自然跟天然<span> //</span>后乐乐终身在忧处,忧处即乐处。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">画本妙天然,此楼真高百尺;<span>//</span>人生行乐耳,有酒更进一杯。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——上二联长沙鱼塘街天乐居联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">理发店联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">虽云毫末技艺 <span>/</span>却是顶上功夫<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">磨砺以须 问天下头颅几许 <span>//</span>及锋而试 看老夫手段如何。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为【清】石达开题理发店。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">挥舞双拳,打遍天下英雄,莫敢回手 <span>//</span>运动寸铁,削平宇内豪杰,谁不低头 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为【清】樊云山题理发店<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">提起刀人人没法<span> /</span>拉下水个个低头<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">搔首进门,对镜方知,多情应笑我,早生华发</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"> <span>//</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">举足出店,顾景亦晓,妙手复还人,少年青春</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">戏曲联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">台前有泪原非我<span> /</span>座上无声已入神。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">尧舜生、汤武净;五霸七雄丑末耳,伊尹太公便算一只耍手,其余拜将封候,不过摇旗呐喊称奴婢。<span>//</span>四书白、六经引;诸子百家杂说也,杜甫李白会唱几句乱弹,此外咬文嚼字,大都沿街乞食闹莲花。<span><br /> </span>——此联为镌刻在圆明园戏台上的楹联,纪昀所作。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">未上台,谁是我,既上台,我是谁,谢观众,须知是我原非我。<span>//</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">不认真,难做人,太认真,人难做,嘱诸生,牢记做人要像人。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为刘竹贤题湖北云梦古戏台。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">神是人装,鬼是人装,人是人装,七尺躯扮出千般模样。<span>//</span>车也走得,马也走得,走也走得,方丈地游遍海角天涯。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——贵州普定化处戏台。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">两汉五代六朝十国,古古今今多变局。<span>//</span>一末二净三生四旦,重重叠叠上瑶台。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为程道衡题湖北黄梅孔垅万年台戏台。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">大千秋色在眉头,看遍翠暖珠香,重游瞻部;<span>//</span>五万春花如梦里,记得丁歌甲舞,曾睡昆仑。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为龚鼎孳题北京某剧楼联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">茶馆联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">尝来皆适口 <span>/</span>咽去自清心</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">处处通途,何去何从?求两餐,分清邪正<span> //</span>头头是道,谁宾谁主?吃一碗,各自西东。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——【清<span>]</span>广州近郊三眼桥茶亭联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">四大皆空,坐片刻无分尔我;<span>//</span>两头是路,吃一盏各自东西。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——浙江吴兴八里店茶亭联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">萍水聚行踪,南北东西,茶饮一杯分道去<span> //</span>莲峰依美阴,晦明风雨,亭开四面待人来。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——澳门莲峰庙茶亭联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">客来能解相如渴<span> /</span>火候闲评坡老诗。<span><br /> </span>——此联为民国时谭延岂撰长沙“天然居”茶馆联。用了司马相如患了消渴症和苏东坡赋诗论煮茶火候两个典故。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">若能杯水如名淡<span> /</span>应信村茶比酒香。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为魏启功做。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">6.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">传统杂货铺联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">生意兴隆通四海</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"> <span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">财源茂盛达三江</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——多为油盐店联。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">影动半轮月<span> /</span>香生一握风。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为扇店用联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">远近模糊皆登快境<span> /</span>重光日月幸遇昌时。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">悬将小日月<span> /</span>照澈大乾坤。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——上二联为眼镜店用联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">台上冰华澈<span> /</span>人间月影清。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为镜店用联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">不历几番锤炼<span> /</span>怎成一段锋芒。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为刀店用联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">与客偕行宜晴宜雨<span> /</span>随身不厌可缩可伸。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为雨具店用联。<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">苏季子当金钗</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">六国封相,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;">//</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">张公芝还宝带</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">五世其昌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;">&nbsp; </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">横批</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">裕国便民</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;">” </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——当铺用联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">进门来乌衣秀士</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"> /</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">出户去白面书生,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——剃头铺用联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">驮山宝换国宝</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">宝归宝地</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"> /</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">以乌金卖黄金</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">金满金门。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——煤铺用联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">7.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">照相馆联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">现出须眉都活泼<span> /</span>看来毫发不参差。<span><br /> </span>绘色绘香绘声绘影<span> /</span>有水有山有物有人。<span><br /> </span>现出庐山真面目<span> /</span>留住秋水旧丰神。<span><br /> <br /> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">8.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">钟表店联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">可取以准<span> /</span>勿失其时。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">万千星斗心胸里<span> /</span>十二时辰手腕间。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">9.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">飨堂联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">长夜漫漫何日旦<span> /</span>春愁黯黯独成眠。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为长春园飨堂联。飨堂系寄停灵柩场所。此联为集唐诗嵌字。点题精当,集名自然,虽文人小技,亦不知呕几许心血。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">10.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">家具店联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">佳木由来堪作器<span> /</span>良工自古不遗材。<span><br /> <br /> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">11.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">文具书店:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">以六书传四海<span> /</span>愿一刻值千金。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为刻印店之联。<span><br /> </span>事业于今同刻鹄<span> /</span>文心自古皆雕龙。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——某刻字店悬联。用成语“刻鹄类鹜”和“文心雕龙”书名作对,取材甚佳,切合刻字业。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">以纯为体以静为用<span> /</span>如玉之坚如砥之平。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为纸张店。<span><br /> </span>玉露磨来浓雾起<span> /</span>银笺染处淡云生。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为纸张店。<span><br /> </span>质分蕉叶和烟断<span> /</span>洁比梅花带雪磨。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为纸张和墨店。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">有迹可寻模传墨本<span> /</span>无体不备意在笔先。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为碑帖店。<span><br /> </span>鹅黄鸭绿鸡冠紫<span> /</span>鹭白鸦青鹤顶红。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为颜料店联。<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">丝绵麻店:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">冷暖随人意<span> /</span>缠绵动客心<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">此中皆锦绣 <span>/</span>以外少文章<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">布衣衣大雅 <span>/</span>舒服服高才<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">洗洗染染,胜似西施浣纱;<span>//</span>缝缝织织,赛过晴雯补裘<span><br /> </span>三尺冰弦弹夜月<span> /</span>一天飞絮舞春风。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——此联为长沙市皇仓街一弹棉花小店联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">现在来叙述第二类,楹联和文酬联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:-.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(<span>7</span>)<span>. </span>楹联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">为了表达某种愿望或满足装饰需要,常在官廷、府宅、庙宇、园林的楹柱之上,或用木板刻制,或在壁石上雕琢的联语,统称为楹联。 <span><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>如:一九七九年,杭州“岳庙”修复一新,当代著名词人兼书法家赵朴初,化用岳飞《满江红》词意,为重新塑好的岳飞巨像两边的大柱上,精心撰写了一幅古为今用、气魄宏伟的新楹联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">观瞻气象耀民魂,喜今朝祠宇,重开老柏,千寻抬头望 <span>//</span>收拾山河酬壮志,看此日神州,奋起新程,万里驾长车 </span></b></em><b><i><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></i></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">又如某寺联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">高瞻远瞩 见世上多少黎民疾苦 <span>//</span>大量宽容 装肚内几副菩萨心肠<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">楹联的一种——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">中堂联,挂于客厅、居室醒目处配合字画的对联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如林则徐撰:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">海纳百川,有容乃大<span> //</span>壁立千仞,无欲则刚<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">俯仰无愧天地 <span>/</span>褒贬自有春秋</span></b></em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(<span>8</span>)<span>.</span>其它文酬杂联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">赠</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">颂扬或劝勉他人用的对联。如龚自珍赠魏源联:<span><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><em><span style="font-style:normal;">读万卷书,行万里路;<span>//</span>综一代典,成一家言<span> </span></span></em></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;font-style:normal;"></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">题答联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如题答杭州灵隐寺冷泉亭问联<span><br /> </span>原联:泉自几时冷起<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>峰从何处飞来<span><br /> </span>答联:泉自冷时冷起<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>峰从飞处飞来</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:47.4pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">泉自茶时冷起<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>峰从人处飞来</span></b><em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;font-style:normal;"></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;font-style:normal;"></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">座右铭联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">头上有青天 作事须循天理;<span>//</span>眼前皆瘦地 存心不刮地皮 (清人)<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">升官发财 请走别路 <span>/</span>贪生怕死 莫入此门<span>&nbsp; </span>(黄埔军校门口)<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">列为无产者<span>&nbsp; /</span>宁不革命乎<span>&nbsp; </span>(邓小平)<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">嫉恶如仇 几根傲骨横天下<span> //</span>舍生取义 一颗头颅落状元 (汤祥瑞)<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;font-style:normal;"></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">谐趣联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;font-style:normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b></em><em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">谐趣联以诙谐幽默取胜,除句式、字数合乎对联之外,其它格律可以不拘。如:<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">天作棋盘星作子 谁人能下<span> //</span>地为琵琶路为弦 哪个可弹<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">大块投河 方知文从胡说起 <span>//</span>玉珠击鼓 始信诗由放屁来<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">踏倒磊桥三块石 <span>/</span>剪开出字两重山<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">昙花一现 怜尔有才偏早逝 <span>//</span>老树千年 愧我无能却后凋<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">半边山,半段路,半溪流水半溪涸<span> //</span>一块碑,一行字,一句成联一句虚<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">春芍药,夏芙蓉,秋菊冬梅,吾乃探花郎,三江徐广义<span> //</span>东紫薇,西长庚,南箕北斗,我来摘仙子,四川李调元<span></span></span></b></em> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">两舟同行 橹速不如帆快 <span>//</span>八音齐奏 笛清怎比箫和<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">远观重重宝塔 六角四面八方<span> //</span>近看纤纤玉手 五指二短三长<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">青溪沟 黄铁匠 扯红炉 烧黑炭 坐南向北打东西<span> //</span>紫竹坝 朱裁缝 穿银针 弹灰线 量长比短分里外<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">黄狗过霜桥 点点梅花落地 <span>//</span>乌鸦跳雪地 片片竹叶朝天<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">太老夫子不是人 九天仙女下凡尘 <span>//</span>养儿偏惯专为贼 偷得仙桃献母亲<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">月圆月缺 月缺月圆 年年岁岁 暮暮朝朝 黑夜尽头重见日<span> //</span>花落花开 花开花落 夏夏秋秋 暑暑凉凉 严冬过后始逢春。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">吸烟摇扇 目前风云聚会<span> //</span>屙屎打屁 胯下雷雨交加<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">抓抓痒痒 痒痒抓抓 不抓不痒 不痒不抓 越抓越痒 越痒越抓<span>&nbsp; //</span>生生死死 死死生生 有生有死 有死有生 先生先死 先死先生<span>//</span>鼻孔子 眼珠子 珠(朱)子高于孔子<span>//</span>眉先生 胡后生 后生(熹)长过先生<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">大箩是箩 小箩也是箩 小箩装进大箩 两箩合一箩<span> //</span>棺材是材 秀才也是才 秀才装进棺材 两材合一材<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">世外人法无定法 然后知非法法也 <span>//</span>天下事了犹未了 何妨以不了了之<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">试问世间人 有几个知道饭是米煮 <span>//</span>请看座上佛 亦不过认得口自心来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">画上荷花和尚画<span>&nbsp; </span>书临汉帖翰林书<span> //</span>大佛寺死个和尚<span>&nbsp; </span>天竺国添一如来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">弓背丝柳倒开花 蝴蝶仰采 <span>//</span>低头青莲斜结子 鹭鸶俯看<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">上下影摇波底月 不知影沉月浮<span> //</span>往来人渡镜中梯 且看人直梯平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">庙内无僧风扫地 <span>/</span>寺中少灯月照明<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">此木为柴山山出 <span>/</span>因火生烟夕夕多<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">日在东 月靠西 天上生成明字 <span>//</span>女位左 子居右 世间死定好人<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">独角兽 <span>/</span>比目鱼<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">壮士腰间三尺剑 <span>/</span>男儿腹中五车书<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">三尺天蓝缎 <span>/</span>六味地黄丸<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">登楼望南北 <span>/</span>行路吃东西<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">今日过断桥 断桥何日断 <span>//</span>明朝奔明月 明月几时明<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">穷老汉卖瓜 钢刀切瓜 下七刀 上八刀 刀刀分明<span>&nbsp; //</span>酸秀才应试 冻雨洒窗 东二点 西三点 点点湿润。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">斗鸡山上山鸡斗<span>/</span>龙隐洞中洞隐龙<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">迷联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">白蛇过江 头顶一轮红日————油灯<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">乌龙上壁 身披万点金星————秤杆<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">曲颈</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">先生上岸,两腿迈开八字步——(鹅)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">扁嘴丫头下水,双脚拨乱九龙宫——(鸭)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">练习<span>&nbsp; </span>附<span>2-2&nbsp; </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>19</span>:为“清秋红叶”赠联一副,要求复句,每联至少<span>11</span>字(<span>47</span>式或<span>74</span>式)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>20</span>:为自己拟一幅自勉联,至少七言,字多不限。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">附录<span>2</span>:实用联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">6. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">实用联的撰写(一)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">对联的分类与对联撰写有关系。不明确对联的分类,就写不出内容准确有针对性的好对联来。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27.75pt;"> <strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">对联可以按用途分,也可以按表现形式分。<span></span></span></strong> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27.75pt;"> <strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这一节先说按用途的分类。<span></span></span></strong> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">按书写的内容和</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">使用的范围</span></b><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">划分,对联</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">可分为两大类</span></b><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">:<span></span></span></strong> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:28.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">实用联及文酬联。实用联是指有较强实用针对性的对联(装饰联),文酬联是文人拟制的无特殊应用的对联。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">实用联</span></b><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">有:</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">迎春联、宅第联、官署联、寺庙联、行业联(酒馆联、理发店联、药店联、布店联、杂货店联、戏台联、会馆联)书斋联、名胜联、风景联、乔迁联、节日联、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">装饰联、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">婚嫁联、寿诞联、致挽联、墓祠联等;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:28.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">文酬联有:治学联、题赠联、自勉联(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">座右铭联)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">、警世联、嘲讽联、戏谑联、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">交际(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">赠联、题答</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">)联、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">谜语联、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">谐趣(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">工巧</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">)联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">、应征联、自挽联、玻璃对等。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">装饰联主要指用于美化环境的对联,如装饰亭台、楼阁、名胜古迹或宅第、厅堂的对联一般称楹联;装饰书房卧室、名画宝砚的对联等。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">现将最主要的分述如下。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p style="margin-left:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;color:fuchsia;">(<span>1</span>)<span>. </span>春联<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">春联是以除旧迎新,言明愿望与追求,充满喜庆,展望未来为主要内容的对联,专门在元旦、春节时粘贴。时效性较强,应用最为广泛。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">爆竹一声除旧<span>/</span>桃符万户更新<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">人逢盛世千家乐<span>/</span>户沐春阳万事兴<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">旭日祥云前门竞盛<span>/</span>春风化雨万物增荣<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">瑞雪冬梅红花映日展<span>/</span>春风杨柳佳卉向阳开<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">标格当如梅蕊,仙姿不争园内三春景 <span>//</span>精神应是牡丹,国色敢占人间一品香<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——武汉<span>*</span>关成玉拟<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">年年春联各争异彩,不一而足。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(<span>2</span>)<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">寿联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">古往今来,为老年人祝寿赠送寿联,以表示美好的祝愿,是中华民族的传统习惯。而其中不少佳联妙对,读来趣味盎然,回味无穷。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑴<span>.</span>一般通用寿联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">寿名高北斗<span>/</span>福气比南山<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">乃文乃武乃寿<span>/</span>如竹如梅如松<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑵<span>.</span>男通用寿联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">愿献南山寿<span>/</span>先开北海樽<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">桃花已发三层浪<span>/</span>玉树长含万里风<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">五色云中三瑞草 <span>/</span>九重天上万年松<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑶<span>.</span>女通用寿联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">慈萱春不老 <span>/</span>古树寿长青<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">瑶池桃结千年宝 <span>/</span>玉井莲开十丈花<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">南极星临山岳动 <span>/</span>北堂萱映海天晴<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑷<span>.</span>分龄男寿联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">四十寿:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">不惑但从今日始 <span>/</span>知天犹得十来春<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">五十寿:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">五十华筵开北海<span>&nbsp; /</span>三千朱履庆南山<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">六十寿:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">二回甲子春初度 <span>/</span>举国笙歌醉太平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">七十寿:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">从古称稀尊上寿 <span>/</span>自今以始乐遐龄<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">八十寿:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">卓尔经纶传渭水 <span>/</span>飘然风致赴香山<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">大好良辰春光明媚 <span>/</span>重开令甲上寿期颐<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">九十寿:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">九志曾留千载寿 <span>/</span>十年再进百龄觞<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">百龄寿:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">瑶池桃熟三千岁 <span>/</span>海屋筹添一百春<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">百余寿:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">寿晋期颐天年永远 <span>/</span>光增史乘人瑞流年<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(<span>3</span>)<span>.</span>喜联(婚联)<span>:</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">为贺婚嫁、乔迁以及其它喜庆之事而作的对联,叫喜联。有的也专指</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">喜庆婚嫁时贴挂的对联。如:<em><span style="font-style:normal;"></span></em></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">百年恩爱双心结<span>/</span>千里姻缘一线牵</span></b></em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">分月婚联有<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑴<span>.</span>正月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">春融花并蒂 <span>/</span>日暖村交柯<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">红梅吐艳迎淑女 <span>/</span>美酒飘香酬嘉宾<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">佳儿佳女成佳偶 <span>/</span>春日春人舞春风<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑵<span>.</span>二月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">柳暗花明春正半 <span>/</span>珠联璧合影成双<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">春花绣出鸳鸯谱 <span>/</span>明月香斟琥珀杯<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">杏坛春暖花并蒂 <span>/</span>兰闺日晴燕双飞<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑶<span>.</span>三月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">杨花扬喜气<span> /</span>桃蕊挑新香<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">三月桃花红锦绣 <span>/</span>万盏银烛引玉人<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">日丽风和门庭有喜 <span>/</span>月圆花好家室咸宜<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑷<span>.</span>四月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">美满姻缘天作合 <span>/</span>清明时节日初长<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">月应瑞萱增一叶 <span>/</span>丝添长缕结同心<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑸<span>.</span>五月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">绿竹恩爱意 <span>/</span>榴花新人情<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">花开并蒂蝴蝶舞 <span>/</span>连理同根杨柳青<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">凤管音谐金缕曲 <span>/</span>蝶衣粉溅石榴裙<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑹<span>.</span>六月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">荷开并蒂 <span>/</span>芍结双花<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">红烛映红靥 <span>/</span>白莲并白头<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">双飞黄鹂鸣翠柳 <span>/</span>并蒂红莲映碧波<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑺<span>.</span>七月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">红妆带绾同心结 <span>/</span>碧沼花开并蒂莲<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">双星牛女窥银汉 <span>/</span>并蒂芙蓉映彩霞<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">银汉一泓看鹡波 <span>/</span>金风万里待鹏飞<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑻<span>.</span>八月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">月掩芙蓉帐 <span>/</span>香添锦绣帏<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">秋色平分佳节夜 <span>/</span>月华照见美人妆<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">吉日恰逢桂子熟 <span>/</span>新婚喜共月儿圆<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑼<span>.</span>九月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">蓝田曾种玉 <span>/</span>红叶自题诗<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">不劳鸿雁传尺素 <span>/</span>且喜秋声入洞房<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">彩笔生花书成锦字 <span>/</span>新诗撷艳体合香奁<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">⑽<span>.</span>十月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">彩日流辉迎凤辇 <span>/</span>祥云呈瑞覆鸾妆<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">梅花芳讯先春试 <span>/</span>柏叶吟怀小雪初<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">池生秋月竹叶秀 <span>/</span>帘映英姿笑声喧<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-8.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">(<span>11</span>)<span>.</span>十一月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-8.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">凤振双飞翼 <span>/</span>梅开并蒂花<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-8.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">霜染竹叶藏青缕 <span>/</span>露滴梅花点黛眉<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-8.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">雪案初吟才女絮 <span>/</span>玉盆新供水仙花<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-8.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">(<span>12</span>)<span>.</span>十二月婚联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">雪里红梅放 <span>/</span>门前新人来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">翠黛画眉才子笔 <span>/</span>红梅点额美人妆<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">白雪无尘如爱情纯洁 <span>/</span>红梅有信似婚姻初新<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(<span>4</span>)<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">挽联</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">为了评价先人的生平业绩,抒发后人诚挚的怀念之情,在追悼会或纪念会上所用的对联,为挽联。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如《黄兴挽七十二烈士联》:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><em><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;font-style:normal;">七十二健儿,酣战春云湛碧血<span>//</span>四百兆国子,愁看秋雨湿黄花</span></b></em><b><i><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"></span></i></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">精彩挽联多有。这里是一些通常可用的挽联。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">通用挽联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">音容笑貌依旧 <span>/</span>亮节高风长存<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">身逝音容宛在 <span>/</span>风遗德业长存<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">春雨梨花千古恨 <span>/</span>秋风桐叶一天愁<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">挽男性联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">秋水蒹蔚溯回往哲<span> /</span>青风桃李想象斯文<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">蒲剑斩邪魔高千丈<span> /</span>榴花照眼血染双行<span><br /> </span>驾鹤难回终隔云山家万里<span> //</span>骑鲸采石五百年明月重圆<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">挽女性联: <span><br /> </span>音容宛在<span> /</span>懿德长存<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">绮阁风寒伤心鹤唳<span> /</span>兰阶月冷泣血萱花<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">华月光寒韵满庭前含孝意<span> /</span>愁去寂寞旌飘户外痛哀情<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(<span>5</span>)<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">筑屋联(宅第联、乔迁联)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">上梁联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">旭日悬顶 <span>/</span>紫微绕梁<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">坚贞瞻柱石 <span>/</span>巩固庆沧桑<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">新房落成联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">楼台凌碧宇 <span>/</span>堂构焕朱门<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">甲第崇高闼 <span>/</span>天文焕紫微<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">横批:新祭奠定<span>&nbsp; </span>日升月恒<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">堂构焕朱门 神来甲第崇高闼 <span>//</span>楼台凌碧宇 阙得天文映紫微<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">宅第楹联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">嵩岳大云垂九如献颂 <span>/</span>瀛洲甘雨润五色呈祥<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">颐和园排云殿联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">拙补以勤,问当年学士联吟,月下花前,留得几人诗酒;<span>//<br /> </span>政余自暇,看此日名公雅集,辽东冀北,蔚成一代文章。<span><br /> </span>——王藻林题苏州拙政园远香堂联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">一天云水,东颖孤舟,听坡首落雪冰,使君肠与我似;<span>//</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">四坐琴樽,西湖夜月,泛空舟浮河汉,居士酒为谁来。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">——清东坡居士三苏祠联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">佳联每见,此不一一。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">练习<span>&nbsp; </span>附<span>2-1&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:36.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>17</span>:结合你所在单位或城市的具体情况,拟春联一副。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>18</span>:为某名胜或景点,拟联一副。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对联技法(五):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>41</span>)<span>. </span>物色</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">物色即饰“物”以“色”。这在机巧联中有重要作用。它能创造鲜明的视觉形象,反映事物的特征,从而提高对联的深刻内涵。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">鹅黄鸭绿鸡冠紫;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">鹭白鸦青鹤顶红。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">将自然界中最能表现颜色的几种禽鸟入联,虽多种颜色堆砌却不觉生硬,语言自然,风格绮丽,被人喜爱。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">有一关帝庙联不仅使用物色,还是一副迭字对:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">赤面赤心扶赤帝;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">青灯青史映青山。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">物色应注重色彩在联中的主导作用,方能显出其特色。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">绿水搅黄泥,红火黑烟,烧出青砖白瓦;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">翠湖凌紫阁,丹梁碧枝,停浮玉殿金宫。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">其中色彩字绿、黄、红、黑、青、白、翠、紫、丹、碧、玉、金,几乎占去联中一半,把一个凌紫阁的建筑过程细微地描绘了出来。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>42</span>)<span>. </span>数字</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">数量词在对联中有着特殊意义。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">主要由数量词组成的对联,其主要作用或特色有:创造形象和意境;加大对仗的难度;进行数学运算;数字合称词的阐释;连续嵌入自然数等。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">乾八卦,坤八卦,八八六十四卦,卦卦乾坤已定;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">鸾九声,凤九声,九九八十一声,声声鸾凤和鸣。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联巧用了数字成对,出句构思奇特,对仗贴切。用数合理自然,符合事理。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">下联是庐山东林寺联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">桥跨虎溪,三教三源流,三人三笑语;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">莲开僧舍,一花一世界,一叶一如来。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联叠用“三”字,“三教”,指儒、释、道三教;“三人”,指儒陶渊明、释慧远、道陆修静;“一花”,指菩提花;“一世界”,指佛家过去现在将来为一世,东西南北上下为一界;“一叶”,指禅宗的一个宗派;“如来”,指释迦牟尼。此联为后人写三人谈儒论道流连忘返而且留下言谈三笑的故事。联语以一对三,工整独到,境界优美。作者善于从驳杂的事物中提取完美和谐的艺术体裁,有巧夺天工之妙。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>43</span>)<span>. </span>方位</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"><br /> </span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">所谓方位法,即在对联中重用方位词,以造成描写空间上的特殊效果。常用的方位词主要是“东西南北中,上下,左右,前后”等。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">江西滕王阁有一名联,为清同治进士金桂馨所撰:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">大江东去;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">爽气西来。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者抓住滕王阁的自然特点,以最洗练的语言进行高度的概括,达到一种超然洒脱、大气磅礴的境界。一“东”一“西”,囊括了事物的独特情韵。犹如一副写意画,给人一种横空出世之感。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">坐北朝南吃西瓜,皮往东甩;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">思前想后看左传,书向右翻。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联句中巧妙嵌用了“北南西东,前后左右”八个方位词,其实真正表达方位的只有“北”、“南”、“东”、“西”,其余的方位词与别的词搭配,词义产生了变化。比如“西瓜”是瓜名,《左传》是书名,两者与方位无关系,“思前想后”是时间范畴词,其意义与方位词关系不甚紧密,然而读起来仍和谐统一。或许,这就是作者的创作初衷。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">南通州北通州,南北通州通南北;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">东当铺西当铺,东西当铺当东西。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相传此联为乾隆下江南经通州时与纪晓岚相对而成。联句以南北东西入联,此迭字法上联三出“通州”,三现“南北”;下联三出“当铺”,三现“东西”,然而联尾的东西两字在这里也产生了变化,从方位词变成了名词。形同而义变,情味盎然。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>44</span>)<span>. </span>虚词 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">古文虚词在汉语中没有实际意义,其中一部分相当于现代的虚词。虚词不能独立成句,只能配合实词来完成语法结构。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">虚词对实词有辅助作用。这类词包含介、连、助、叹、副、象声六大类。虚词在联句中的作用非同小可,有的联只因一虚词之差,便谬之千里。巧妙运用虚词,可使联句增色,情趣斐然。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">君恩似海矣;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">臣节如山乎。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">原来此联是明末陕西总督洪承畴的门联,原本无联句尾处的两虚字,为“君恩似海,臣节如山”,是一副表白自己、歌颂皇恩的对联。洪承畴后来投敌卖国,遭人唾弃,便有人在原联句尾添此“矣”、“乎”二字,其意即大相径庭,成为一副绝妙的讽刺联了。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看这样一副对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">民犹是也,国犹是也,何分南北;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">总而言之,统而言之,不是东西。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副对联是王湘绮写的讽刺袁世凯的,被近代人称为名联。联中嵌入“民国总统”四字,并在联尾点出“不是东西”,上联的“也“字和下联的“之”字都运用得很好,如去掉虚字,则难称佳作。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>45</span>)<span>. </span>联绵 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在汉语中,有一种词叫联绵词。所谓联绵词,就是由两个音节联缀成义而不能分割的词。它们或有双音、迭韵的关系,如“玲珑”、“徘徊”、“窈窕”、“磅礴”;或无双声但有密不可分的关系,如“蜈蚣”、“胭脂”、“妯娌”;或同音相重复,如“白白”、“津津”、“脉脉”等等。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在对联中,联绵词必须对应联绵词,不能与其它词性的词相对。古代严式对更主张在联绵词中必须名词对名词,动词对动词,形容词对形容词。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">例如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">独抱琵琶寻旧曲;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">数教鹦鹉念新词。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联中“琵琶”对“鹦鹉”,此联属联绵对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">入室饮茶,直步可登麒麟阁;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">临池染翰,何年得到凤凰台。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联中以“麒麟”对“凤凰”,视为联绵对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">福州春意亭联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">莺啼燕语芳菲节;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">蝶影蜂声浪漫诗。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.1pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">江西蓝桥公园佳婚事联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">有情终配鸳鸯侣;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相爱总结连理枝。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再有杭州梅竹亭联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">雪里梅花红烂漫;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">霜间竹叶碧玲珑。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">第一联中“芳菲”对“浪漫”,第二联中“鸳鸯”对“连理”,第三联中“烂漫”对“玲珑”,都属于联绵词相对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>46</span>)<span>. </span>标点</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">所谓标点法,即在对联中突出标点符号的特殊作用,多以符号代替数字使用,以达到一种特殊的效果。下面是<span>1976</span>年“四·五”运动悼念周总理的一副对联: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">? </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">! </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">全联仅用两个标点符号成联,隐含着极深沉的意义。上联一个“?”,下联一个“!”,如果不是在那个特定的历史事件中,是难以评断其内在的含义的。全联没有文字却胜过千言万语。可说是楹联史上最短的对联。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">?????? </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  !!!!!!</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">1949</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">年,南京大专院校举行反饥饿、反内战游行,国民党特务镇压学生运动,打死两名学生。在举行的追悼会上就有这样—副无字联。对联巧用<span>12</span>个标点,并采用层盖手法,问叹相对,悲痛交织,情感层层递进。上联是向反动当局质问,血泪控诉;下联是写向反动势力讨还血债的决心,真乃“此处无声胜有声”。 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">1948</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">年<span>3</span>月,南京政府召开国民党代表大会,中央大学教授乔大北撰写一联嘲讽之:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">费国民血汁已?亿;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">集天下混蛋于一堂。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联语直抒胸襟,愤不可遏,骂得痛快淋漓,有理有据。作者为国人鸣不平,怒目之态跃然纸上。上联的一个“?”是说南京政府盘剥了人民多少资财,本来就是一个未知数,不得而知。作者的无限愤懑,也许就在这一“?”中。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>47</span>)<span>. </span>倒顺法</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">将联语中的某些字来回反复使用,使楹联产生一种特殊的意趣,这种制联方法称作倒顺法。如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">水车车水水随车,车停水止;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">风扇扇风风出扇,扇动风生。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联以“水、车、风、扇”前后倒顺回读成联,并利用词性的活用变化,产生了回环往复之趣,富于哲理和生活情趣。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">喜爱对联的朋友都知道这样一个故事,一位秀才进京应试,路遇一富家小姐对联招亲,其上联是:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">走马灯,灯走马,灯息马停步;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联语以“走马灯”倒顺回读成联,巧妙而又工整,秀才对此印象很深。应试时发现有一题正是要求对联,其联是:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">飞虎旗,旗飞虎,旗卷虎藏身。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联中以“飞虎旗”倒顺回读成联,形象逼真地描绘了“飞虎旗”的静态和动态。秀才以“走马灯”对之,考取了功名,回程途中又以“飞虎旗”对招亲联,娶得了佳人。一联成就其功名姻缘,岂不妙哉?<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span class="tpccontent1"><span>48</span></span><span class="tpccontent1">)<span>. </span>制谜法</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">为了使创作的楹联能表达某种特定的创作意图,有时在楹联中不直说,而是隐寓于联语之中,要“捕捉”其联意,和猜谜语一样,一要费一番思索的。用这种方法制作楹联叫制谜法。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">用制谜法所创作的楹联实际上就是谜目的谜语楹联。这种楹联往往具有双重的含义:一重是楹联本身的宣示之意,有比较明确的含义;一重是其深层之义,是在联语背后所隐寓的含义。这样的楹联,趣味性、娱乐性、知识性、宣传性等多种效果兼备,在民间更为多见。常见的制谜语的楹联,主要有如下几种形式:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>1</span>)联中隐字</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">东生木,西生木,掰开枝丫用手摸,中间安个鹊窝窝;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">左绕丝,右绕丝,爬到树尖抬头看,上面躲着白哥哥。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联所表现的似是讲农家小孩爬树取鸟蛋,描绘相当形象生动,凡农家孩子多有体会。其实这是一副谜语联,上联隐一“攀”字,利用隐示法,先隐示“木木”,利用象形法,隐示“大”和“爻”,再加一“手”字,则组成“攀”字;下联用同样的方法,将“幺幺、木、白”隐示出来,可组合成“</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;color:blue;">樂</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">”字,颇富巧思。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>2</span>)联中隐事</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">雄鸡鲤鱼猪婆肉;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">香菇木耳曲子耙。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相传此联出自湖北某地的一个杂货铺。楹联中所列举的六味食品都是温补的“大发”食品,也是一般杂货铺里常有出售的食品。该联所隐示的是“开门大发”之意。这样的楹联看似粗俗平常,实则匠心独具,耐人寻味。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>3</span>)联中隐物</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">万顷波涛乘骑过;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">不胜将军弃甲逃。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">该联上联指“海马”,下联指“酱(败将)”,在谜语联中,这种写意隐物的楹联是很多的。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>4</span>)联中隐物指事</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">吴下门风,户户尽吹单孔笛;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">云间胜景,家家皆鼓独弦琴。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联为苏州王鳌与松江徐阶的戏谑联,上下联似乎是讲吹笛弹琴之事,实则上联所要表达的一层意思是指“吹火筒”,下联则隐指“弹棉花”一事。这样的楹联均能一语二用,语意双关,联意含蓄。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>49</span>)<span>. </span>易词法</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="font-size:22.0pt;"><br /> </span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">易词,即在同一联中,将一个词作词用之后,接着又做词组使用。有的是将一个固定的词分离,重新组句,达成原词异义的效果。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">膏可吃,药可吃,膏药不可吃;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">脾好医,气好医,脾气不好医。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">“膏药”和“脾气”是两个固定词,在联中,作者突发异想,将两词分离成与原来词义截然不同的词,让人大开眼界,去领悟中国汉字的魅力。同时也完成了一种劝导,让人改掉脾气才是高人。据说这是一副中药店联,只当给患者吃了一付舒心丸。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  来</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">看下面一副联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">复生,不复生矣;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">有为,安有为哉。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联是康有为为纪念六君子之一谭嗣同撰写的一副挽联。谭嗣同字复生,与康均为同盟会成员。上联的第一个“复生”,为谭的字,是名词。第二个即是再生之意,偏正结构。下联第—个“有为”是作者的名字,是名词,第二个“有为”含有所作为之意,也是偏正结构。此联不仅对得好,更巧的将是二人的名字做了巧妙的组合。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>50</span>)<span>. </span>同出法<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">同出即将出于同一事物的几个词语巧妙地组合到联中,使上、下联各表其意而又互相对应。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">荷叶莲花藕;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">真丝蛹茧蚕。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">荷叶、莲花、藕为同一根上长出来的东西。真丝、蛹、茧、蚕也是同一动物在发展过程中所变化的不同形态,只是“真”对“荷”有些不妥。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">下联也属同出手法,比上联显得更准确、工稳。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">炭黑火红灰似雪;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">谷黄米白饭如霜。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联写木炭,下联写大米,相传这是明代文学家杨慎在少年时随父到御花园玩,与弘治皇帝的一副妙对。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>51</span>)<span>.</span>连环法</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">即联中巧用同字、谐音、同旁等不同的修辞方法,嵌成联句环环相套的形式,以达到独特的艺术效果。符合这一特定要求的联句即为连环式。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看这样一副对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;color:blue;">點燈登閣各攻書;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;color:blue;">  移椅倚桐同賞月。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联中出句“灯”与“登”、“各”与“阁”既音同,而且“登”、“各”又各自是灯<span>(</span>繁体“</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;color:blue;">燈</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">”<span>)</span>、“阁”字的偏旁。对句中的“椅”和“倚”是同偏旁,“同”又是“桐”的偏旁,读音相同而且“移”和“椅”声母也相同,符合出句的要求。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>52</span>)<span>.</span>落帘法</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  落帘</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">即在联句中以同一词语开头,又以同一词语或谐音结尾,使联句现出一种文字和音韵的美感。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">教无所教偏成教;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">官不成官却是官。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联句以“教”、“官”二字起头,又以“教”、“官”二字结尾。落帘格与回文格不同,落帘格联不能倒读。此联为讽刺清末教官一职,此职当时无足轻重,但为此官者又非鄙则吝,故有人以此联讽之。文字幽默苛刻,嘲讽轻快得体。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">明大学土解缙曾写过这样一副联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">蒲叶桃叶葡萄叶,草本木本;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">梅花桂花玫瑰花,春香秋香。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联的上半句为落帘式,重在谐音。“蒲”、“桃”的谐音为“葡萄”,“梅”、“桂”的谐音是“玫瑰”。而后半段的“本”、“香”亦为落帘式却重在同音。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">苏东坡与黄庭坚的一副应答对,也属落帘式:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">松下围棋,松子每随棋子落;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">柳边垂钓,柳丝常伴钓丝悬。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">苏、黄二人为挚友。一天他俩在松下下棋,忽有松子落到棋盘上.苏东坡信口以“松”、“棋”念出上联。黄庭坚知是让自己对下句,遂以“柳”、“钓”引出,下联用同样的方成句,前后遥遥相衬,形成鲜明的对称美。另外两个后半句的“子”、“丝”也同样具备落帘效果。联句构思精美,立意新颖,形象鲜明、生动、自然,对仗亦工。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>53</span>)<span>.</span>卷帘法</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">卷帘也称倒叙、逆挽。即与小说、散文中的倒叙法相似,是一种先说后事,后说先事的方法。很像帘子倒卷而上.所以称卷帘格。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">例如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">回日楼台非甲帐;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">去时冠剑是丁年。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联先说从军归来之况,下联再说离家从军之事。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> <span class="tpccontent1"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>54</span>)<span>.</span>脱靴法<span> </span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此法可在联句中形成先抑后扬,先引后拔的效果。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如西安莲湖公园奇园茶社联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">奇乎!不奇,不奇也奇;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">园耶?是园,是园非园。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">奇园茶社是抗日战争时期地下工作者梅永和夫妇建的秘密交通站。当时此联挂出世人不解,解放后人们才知道此联的真正含义。作者王超北是我情报处负责人。联语不但使用了脱靴法,还运用了嵌名法,四处嵌名,不显雕琢。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> <span class="tpccontent1"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>55</span>)<span>.</span>婉曲法</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="font-size:22.0pt;"><br /> </span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">婉曲也称折绕。有些要表达的意思,作者不想直接说出,或因社会等各种原因不敢明说。而是采取一种迂迥的表现手法。使读者透过委曲、含蓄、隐约的语言领会作者的内在含义。这种方法称为婉曲法。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看一副旧联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">月无贫富家家有;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">燕不炎凉岁岁来。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联中两句为折体。作者故意将本体隐去不说。联中要说的意思是:没有谁来,只有月亮和燕子不嫌弃我们,常光顾这里,暗喻世态的炎凉。联语通过月和燕而收到一种特殊的艺术效果。这比直接说出来要好得多。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> <span class="tpccontent1"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>56</span>)<span>.</span>同划法 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">同划,同笔划。联中字均由同笔划数的汉字组成。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">古人写过这样一副对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;color:blue;">屋後流泉幽咽洽香草;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;color:blue;">  庭前垂柳珍重待春風(繁體)。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这不是一副普通的迎春联。其妙在上、下联都是九个字,其中的每个字都是由九划组成,这是对联中一种非常特殊的形式。古人称“消寒迎春联”。因从冬至<span>(</span>一九<span>)</span>到九九正好是八十一天,上、下联句笔划正好是八十一划。这样从冬至开始,每天写上下联各一笔,到九九的第九天,全联全部写完,至此,严冬已去,春到人间。故此,称此联为“消寒迎春联”。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这种联构思精巧,须费尽心思,选择适当的字、词组句,又不能以辞害义,写起来有相当难度。古来以其难方显得此对珍奇。此联趣味性强,既表达了人们对春天的向往,又可作为一份别致的日历。所以历来为人们称为联中上品,颇受一些人的喜爱。有人说它:“是对联写作的—个奇迹”,此话不虚。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(此外,还有</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"><a href="http://www.9yuef.com/viewthread.php?tid=129313&amp;highlight=%C1%AA%B8%F1%DF%A2%D6%E9%2B" target="_blank"><span style="color:fuchsia;"><span>置换</span></span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">、<span><a href="http://www.9yuef.com/viewthread.php?tid=129414&amp;highlight=%C1%AA%B8%F1%DF%A2%D6%E9%2B" target="_blank"><span style="color:fuchsia;"><span>对反</span></span></a></span>、<span><a href="http://www.9yuef.com/viewthread.php?tid=129312&amp;highlight=%C1%AA%B8%F1%DF%A2%D6%E9%2B" target="_blank"><span style="color:fuchsia;"><span>节缩</span></span></a></span>、<span><a href="http://www.9yuef.com/viewthread.php?tid=129404&amp;highlight=%C1%AA%B8%F1%DF%A2%D6%E9%2B" target="_blank"><span style="color:fuchsia;"><span>照应</span></span></a></span>等法,以及在入门篇学习过的<span><a href="http://www.9yuef.com/viewthread.php?tid=129310&amp;highlight=%C1%AA%B8%F1%DF%A2%D6%E9%2B" target="_blank"><span style="color:fuchsia;"><span>镶字</span></span></a></span>与<span><a href="http://www.9yuef.com/viewthread.php?tid=129309&amp;highlight=%C1%AA%B8%F1%DF%A2%D6%E9%2B" target="_blank"><span style="color:fuchsia;"><span>镶嵌</span></span></a></span>法。)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">以上介绍的传统对联创作手法<span>56</span>种,主要是增长这方面的知识,随着大家创作对联或参与对句水平的提高,或许部分能够用上,已是很不错的了。学习班并不要求都能熟练掌握和运用。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">练习<span>&nbsp; </span>附<span>1-5&nbsp; </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>14</span>:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">山吞残日暮</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>15</span>:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">庭有余闲<span>&nbsp; </span>露竹松风蕉雨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>16</span>:回廊袅袅玲珑曲(联绵对)(要求窈窕对玲珑)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">创作技法(四):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>31</span>)<span>. </span>比拟</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">根据感情的需要,作者特意以人喻物,或者以物喻人,或把甲当作乙来描绘,这种制联方法称为比拟法。通常人们将被比拟的对象称为主体,比拟的部分称拟体。运用比拟法,可以使楹联更加生动,意味深长。比拟法有拟人和拟物两种。<span> `</span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">拟人</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">与文学修辞方法一样,拟人法也是把没有感情和生命的事物当作人来描绘,从而使所描绘的事物人格化,增强感情色彩。如下面一副挽联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">杨柳春风怀逸致;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">梨花寒食动哀思。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者把杨柳、春风、梨花、寒食等植物、时令都人格化了,宛如它们也如现实世界中的人们一样,对死者寄予无限的哀思。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">拟物</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">与拟人法相反,拟物是将人当作物来描绘。拟物的目的较为复杂,有的褒扬,有的讽刺,有的调侃。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">红莲开并蒂;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">彩凤喜双飞。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者将一对新婚夫妇比作“红莲”、“彩凤”,因红莲、彩凤之类在人们的习惯意识中是美丽、吉祥的象征,把喜庆中的新人喻为红莲、彩凤,是符合情理和人们的审美意识的。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>32</span>)<span>. </span>比喻</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在修辞学中,一个很重要的方法就是比喻,无论诗词曲赋、散文韵文,这一方法可说无处不在。其基本的含义就是用大家所熟悉、具体的事物或现象,概括而形象地说明另一较为复杂、抽象的事物和现象,使之更具体、更形象、更生动。在楹联创作中,这一修辞方法也被广泛地应用,可分为明喻、隐喻、借喻三种形式。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">明喻</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这种形式多带有比喻词,以“如”、“像”、“似”、“若”等连接本体和喻体。请看下联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">学如逆水行舟,不进则退;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">心似平原走马,易放难收。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">该联以“逆水行舟”、“平原走马”两件具体的事件,来比喻“学”和“心”这两件难以捉摸的事物,使学习之艰难与心之易放纵变抽像为具体、模糊为清晰,比喻贴切,富于哲理。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">浮沉宦海为鸥鸟;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">生死书丛似蠹鱼。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联为纪晓岚所撰,上联写他的从政经历,下联写他的治学生涯。我们透过“鸥鸟”、“蠹鱼”之形象生动的比喻,不是对其从政之坎坷起伏、治学之严谨刻苦有了更清楚的了解吗?</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">隐喻</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">即省去比喻词,隐去了比喻的形迹。明喻的形式是“甲如同乙”,隐喻的形式是“甲就是乙”。明喻的形式是相类的关系,隐喻的形式却是相合的关系。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">谷乃园之宝;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">民以食为天。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">“谷”、“民”均是本体,“宝”、“天”是喻体。通过系词“乃”、“以”二字,把本体和喻体组成相合的关系。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">③</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">借喻</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">即把比喻的事体借来,当作被比喻事物来说,而被比喻的事物在联中不出现。借喻的喻体不能取代本体,只是相似而已。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如现代学者辜鸿铭引用苏轼《赠刘景文》诗句成联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">荷尽已无擎雨盖;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">菊残犹有傲霜枝。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">据说此联是辜为讽刺北洋军阀张勋而作。张的亲信部队号称“辫子军”,张勋被戏称“辫帅”。联中的“擎雨盖”暗喻清朝官员的帽子,“傲霜枝”喻清代人头上的辫子。这副对联在于讽刺张勋已到了“荷尽”、“菊残”的地步。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>33</span>)<span>. </span>夸张</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">与比喻一样,夸张也是文学作品中一种常用的修辞方法,其目的是为了突出某一事物的特征,将其巧妙地夸大或缩小,以造成一种奇观效果,如运用得法,可起事半功倍的效果。在楹联创作中,借助丰富的想象,运用“言过其实”的语言,以达到某种特殊的艺术效果的制联方法就是夸张法。夸张可分两种,一种是把所要表达的事物从性质、状态、数量等方面直接夸大或缩小,类似的描写叫做单纯夸张;另一种是通过比喻、比拟、借代、对比等修辞手法进行夸张法,称作间接夸张。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">猛虎一杯山中醉;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">蛟龙两盏海底眠。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一看就知这是悬挂于酒店的楹联。作者借助于自己的想象,把酒店中酒的威力作了极力的夸张。这在生活中是不真实的,但在艺术创作中却是允许的,因为这正是夸张的效果。通过夸张,把所要表达的内容,尽情地表现出来了,其效果比“三碗不过岗”有过之而无不及。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看一副名胜联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">声驱千骑急;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">气卷万山来。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是钱塘江观潮亭联。联语以“千骑急”、“万山来”极力夸张潮势之汹涌,“潮”与“骑”、“山”虽无共同之处,但利用“千骑急”和“万山来”之气势,来形容“潮”之涨落之势,在艺术表现上仍给人以真切之感,不愧为写潮佳作。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再如下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">天作棋盘星作子,谁人敢下;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">地当琵琶路当弦,哪个能弹。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联巧妙抓住事物的形象特征,突发联想,借题发挥。作者在夸张的同时运用了比喻的手法,以突出对联的艺术色彩,属于间接夸张。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">有的对联运用借代、比拟等形式进行夸张,都是可以的。但要注意运用夸张,务必做到合乎情理,才会收到好的艺术效果,否则就会适得其反。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>34</span>)<span>. </span>对称</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  对联使用对称字,也是修辞的一种特殊方法。</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">对称是指对联所用的字,全是玻璃字(对称字)。使用玻璃字的对联叫做玻璃对。玻璃对可以实现一种特殊的形式美。</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">玻璃对及玻璃字表在初级班中,已经介绍。</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span class="tpccontent1"><span>35</span></span><span class="tpccontent1">)<span>. </span>换位</span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="font-size:22.0pt;"><br /> </span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">换位法是为了某种需要,故意将句子中的词语作对换位置的一种修辞方法。 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">抗日战争时期,由于国民党反动派采取不抵抗政策,致使日寇长驱直入,中华民族陷入水深火热之中。可国民党军队却一退再退,大吃大喝。当时有人写一副对联讽之:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">前方吃紧;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">后方紧吃。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副对联通俗、直白、语句精短。仅八个字,一个“前方”,一个“后方”;一个“吃紧”,一个“紧吃”,形象地描绘了当时的两种势态。上联“吃紧”,指情况紧张。下联做了—下换位,则变为大吃大喝,不可终日的意思。稍动一字,差之千里。从中不仅领会作者遣词之妙。同时,也悟到了中国汉字的神奇魔力。看来好联不在辞众,而在意法之妙。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">1905</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">年,慈禧七十大寿,章太炎写了一副寿联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">今日到南苑,明日到北海,何时再到古长安?叹黎民膏血全枯,只为一人歌庆有;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">五十割琉球,六十割台湾,而今又割东三省,痛赤县邦圻益蹙,全逢万岁祝疆无。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者在联尾,故意将“有庆”、“无疆”二词做换位处理,其意发生了很大的变化,上联尾句变成了只为一人祝寿歌舞,却使黎民百姓膏血全枯;下联尾句变成了每次到慈禧庆寿之际,总是被割掉疆土之时。作者对慈禧进行了尖锐、辛辣的讥讽,无情地揭露了慈禧不顾百姓死活和国土沦亡的卑劣行径,得到了极好的艺术效果。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">乾隆五十五年,农历九月九日的重阳节,乾隆一行北巡热河。一日,在万松岭住下,准备去承德为自己祝寿。随行的有纪晓岚等几位重臣。其中有一位叫彭羡门的出一上联,想难一难纪晓岚。联曰:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">八十君王,处处十八公,道旁介寿;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联很有深度,这年正是乾隆八十岁,而十八公喻指万松岭的松树,故将松字拆成“十八公”,与前面的八十正好颠倒换位,纪听后,随即以对:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">九重天子,年年重九节,塞上称觞。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">帝王所居之所称“九重”,时逢重阳节又称“重九”,也正好与“九重”换位。此句实属难得,非大家不能为之。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>36</span>)<span>. </span>偏旁 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">所谓偏旁法,是利用汉字的偏旁为构思方法,以一定的规则排列组合成联。同旁组合千姿百态。有的利用相同偏旁,有的在对仗处使用一个偏旁,以表达一个完整的内容。这类对联的难点和妙处在于串组的自然合理,一旦生硬牵强,便索然无味。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">寂寞寒窗空守寡;(——均宝盖头)</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">惆怅忧怀怕忆情。(——均竖心旁)</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">出句是一副古联,据说是一大家闺秀,及笄之年向求婚者悬一副联。声言谁若对上此联,便许出嫁。当时无人应对,其女也“寂寞”而死。下联为近人所对,平仄似乎欠妥,但做为机巧对,是可以的。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">虎门有一副对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">烟锁河堤柳;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">炮镇海城楼。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">前一副联,上下句各用一个同旁。此联则在对仗处使用同一偏旁,独具特色。联语自然贴切,如诗如画,而且字义贯通,意境高远,实属难得之佳作。 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">王老者一身土气;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">朱</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">先生半截牛形。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联“王老者”三字带有土字旁,说一身土气实不为过,下联“朱先生”三字都可看出牛的字形。语言谈谐,令人发笑。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>37</span>)<span>. </span>绕口<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">采用汉语一字多音,异字同音的特点组成复杂的有趣联语,以造成变读绕口的效果,这种制联方法称作绕口法。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">屋北鹿独宿;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">溪西鸡齐啼。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">据说这是一位叫徐晞的文人和太守的应对。出句为太守求对联,对句是徐的即兴应对。出句除“北”外,其它字的韵母都是“<span>u</span>”,下联字的韵母都是“<span>i</span>”。对句高出句一筹,而内容更为丰富、自然。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">清代楹坛大家梁章巨写过一副联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">客来醉,客去睡,老无所事呼可愧;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">论学粗,论政疏,诗不成家聊自娱。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联为押韵对,只是对句的“娱”押“ü”韵,与“粗”、“疏”相比,稍有变韵之嫌。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">游西湖,提锡壶,锡壶掉西湖,惜乎锡壶;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">寻进士,遇近视,近视中进士,尽是近视。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联“西湖”与“锡壶”两个截然不同的词却声韵相同。下联“进士”、“近视”也然。作者采用了同音异词之妙,组装成联,使二词相互关联,读之上口,又别有情趣。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>38</span>)<span>. </span>互文<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">互文也称互参,它的手法是把本应该合起来的话分做两句说,使两者互相补充、渗透。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看毛泽东为刘胡兰烈士的题词:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">生的伟大;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">死的光荣。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联写生,下联写死,从两个方面入笔,却写的都是一种精神,是说她生与死都是伟大而光荣的。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看下联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">诸葛一生唯谨慎;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">吕端大事不糊涂。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">人生处事,要谦虚谨慎,小事要通融马虎,大事要坚持原则。联语借用了两个古人为典,从两个方面去写,说明的却是一个道理,这也是互文的一种。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">宁为玉碎;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">不作瓦全。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联写做人之道,应刚直不阿、无私无畏、一身正气,不奴颜婢膝、苟且偷生。作者在上联以“玉”自誉,下联以“瓦”点化。两个角度,一种精神,闻声见物,令人叹止,乃精妙之笔。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>39</span>)<span>. </span>反语 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">反语即是将意义相同或相反的两个或几个词组成联,从而产生一种既相互矛盾又相互统一的效果。这种手法在对联中极为常用。它含蓄有味,能增强讽刺性和幽默感。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">例如,在军阀混战时期,南京城内有人写了这么一副春联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">许多豪杰;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如此江山。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">“豪杰”的本意是指才能出众的人。但联中却指的是那些割地分封的军阀。“如此江山”原为褒意,在这里喻为军阀混战中的破碎山河。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看下面这副对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">红黑炭火,烫冷热美酒,名传远近;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">大小布匹,裁老少新装,美化短长。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是为一门两店写的对联。一店是酒馆,一店为裁缝铺。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者抓住两种事物的特点,发挥开去,使生意性质得到了升华。可以说,这种手法对于二者来说发挥得淋漓尽致,是一副运用技巧非常高妙的反语对联。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">细羽家禽砖后死;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">粗毛野兽石先生。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是蒲松龄早年应对一位姓石的塾师先生的对联。据说,一日老师将蒲松龄喂养的家雀摔死,放在原处,用砖头堵好,并在墙上戏书一联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">细羽家禽砖后死;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">当蒲松龄发现家雀死了,又见墙上对联,断定是先生所为,于是续了一联: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">粗毛野兽石先生。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">石</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">先生见了大为恼火,当面质问学生不该这样来辱骂老师,蒲松龄从容地解释道:我是按老师的联属对的,如果写得有错,请老师指教。老师再仔细分析,发现联中用的反语属对,可以说是对得天衣无缝,挑不出半点毛病,无言以对,只好拂袖而去。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>40</span>)<span>. </span>越递</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">越递又称巧意、层递。即在联语中将某一词语越过一词,而使之递进。此法有两类:凡由浅入深、由表及里、由低到高、由小到大的推进方法叫阶升法。反之为阶降法。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">阶升法</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">坐、请坐、请上坐;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">茶、泡茶、泡好茶。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联传说是清代学者阮元游平山堂,寺庙方丈将阮元当做一位普通游客,只说了一声“请”,又对下人说“茶”。随之交谈,觉出语不凡,便改了口气“请坐”,吩咐下人“泡茶”。后来当他知道是大学土阮元时又换成了“请上坐”、“泡好茶”。到了阮元临走时,方丈恳求墨宝,阮即出此联,活脱脱描绘了一个前倨后恭者的面目。作者以方丈的言语入联,对仗十分工整,别开生面,确是一副很难得的佳联。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看陶行知先生为晓庄师范学校题联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">认请问题、研究问题、解决问题,为好教育;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">发明工具、制造工具、运用工具,是真文明。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者从事物最初层次着笔,不断向中高层次递进,采用由此及彼,由表及里,由浅入深的观察方法,给人们揭示了认识世界、改造世界的方法,不仅文字工整,立意也巧。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. 阶降法</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看下联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">尧舜生、汤武净、五霸七雄丑末耳,伊尹太公便算一支耍手,其余拜将封侯,不过摇旗呐喊称奴婢;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">四书白、六经引、诸子百家杂说也,杜甫李白会唱几句乱弹,此外咬文嚼字,大都缘街乞食闹莲花。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联以戏谑为快,不免有狂妄不当之弊。但其手法却为独特。把所评对象分别以“生”、“净”、“丑”、“末”、“耍手”、“奴婢”对号入座。用的是阶降的手法。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">也有一联,是采用阶升、阶降两种手法同时运用的。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">例如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">万砖千瓦,百工造成十佛寺;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一篙二橹,三人摇过四平桥。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联使用了阶升法,下联使用阶降法。这两种方法层次清楚,能给读者一种新鲜的感觉。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">练习 附<span>1-4&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">出句<span>11</span>:梧桐雨泣空垂泪(比喻)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"><br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">出句<span>12</span>:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">秋月透窗纱,丹桂飘香丝入梦;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">出句<span>13</span>:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">风<span>/</span>月,鹤膝格: 云走天涯风做伴</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">创作技法(三):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>21</span>)<span>.&nbsp; </span>组串</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">组串,或称串组,就是将一些本来没有联系的事物的名称按一定的规律串联起来,从而使之表示出某种意思。用组串法制作的对联,常见的有组串人名、地名、植物名、词牌名等。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如下面这副对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">中国捷克日本;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">南京重庆成都。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副对联是一爱国人士为欢庆抗日战争胜利而写的。乍一看这副对联的上联不过是三个国名,下联则是中国的三个城名。但其更深层的意思是,上联中国胜利地打败了日本(这里捷克转义为大捷克敌),下联是南京重新庆祝成为首都。这样,就用三个国名和三个城市名,巧妙地组合成一副庆祝抗日战争胜利的贺联。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看这样一副对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">碧野田间牛得草;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">金山林里马识途。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是在<span>1982</span>年,<span>CCTV</span>春晚中,择优选出的一副对联。上联为出句,下联为首选对句。上下联各由三个人名连缀成句,意义连贯,毫无生硬之感,堪称组串佳对。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看由词曲牌组串的一副巧联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">水仙子持碧玉簪,风前吹出声声慢;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">虞美人穿红绣鞋,月下行来步步娇。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联中串出六个词、曲牌名《水仙子》、《碧玉簪》、《声声慢》、《虞美人》、《红绣鞋》、《步步娇》,描绘出了一幅美人轻移莲步,观月赏景的美丽画卷。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>22</span>)<span>.&nbsp; </span>集引</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">集引,就是收集和引用的意思。楹联创作中的集引法,是指摘取或引用别人的诗句、词句、文章佳句、成语、格言以及书名、刊名、影视名等,运用在自己楹联之中,“活”用前人佳句,构成新的意境。比如大家经常见到的这样一副春联: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">飞雪迎春到;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">风雨送春归。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">该联就是集引毛泽东诗词中的句子而成。集引联有的全联皆是摘引他人词语,如此联就是。有的联中部分摘引他人词语,如<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">诸葛大名垂宇宙,<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">隆中胜迹永清幽。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联集杜甫《咏怀古迹五首》之佳句,下联乃作者董必武自撰。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">还有的将集引的内容简化、压缩后用于联语之中,如:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">后乐先忧,范希文庶几知道;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">昔闻今上,杜少陵可与言诗。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联之“后乐先忧”与下联之“昔闻今上”,乃分别简化范仲淹《岳阳楼记》“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”和杜甫《登岳阳楼》诗“昔闻洞庭水,今上岳阳楼”而来。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">用集引法制作楹联,可供集引的内容很多,如前人佳句、成语俗语、人名地名、书籍报刊、戏剧电影等等,试举数例于下:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">梅花欢喜漫天雪;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">玉宇澄清万里埃。(集毛泽东诗句)</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">江山如此多娇,飞雪迎春到;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">风景这边独好,心潮逐浪高。(集毛泽东词句)</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">沧海横流,云蒸霞蔚;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">春风得意,人寿年丰。(集成语)</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">十分货物十分价;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一寸光阴一寸金。(集俗语)</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">中华少年探索大自然;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">风流一代追求健与美。(集刊名)<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">马兰花苦菜花白莲花蒙根花五朵金花战地黄花生活的浪花繁花似锦;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">雁荡山杜鹃山六盘山火焰山雪海银山万水千山沸腾的群山江山多娇。(集电影名)</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">白头翁牵牛耕熟地;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">女贞子打马过淮山。(集中药名)</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">帝女合欢,水仙含笑;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">牵牛迎辇,翠雀凌霄。(集花卉名)</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>23</span>)<span>.&nbsp; </span>用典</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">将联语之意寓历史掌故之中,借典故或有出处的词语以表达联语的思想内容的作联方法叫用典法。在我国悠久的历史发展中,可用的典故很多,比如古典书籍中的轶事、趣闻、寓言,传说人物或有出处的诗句、文章等,都可以当作典故运用,因此,用典法在传统联语制作中运用得比较广泛。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">大家看一看李渔所著《笠翁对韵》,就会发现其中近一半的内容是用典,比如:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">庄周梦化蝶,<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">吕望兆飞熊。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">跨凤登台,潇洒仙姬秦月玉;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">斩蛇当道,英雄天子汉刘邦。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">灭项兴刘,狡兔尽时走狗死;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">连吴拒魏,貔貅屯处卧龙归。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">等等。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">古体诗文中多喜于用典,对联制作中也不例外。不少对联因为用典而使其光彩夺目,文情隽永。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如郭沫若为济南辛弃疾祠的题联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">铁板铜琵,继东坡高唱大江东去;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">美芹悲黍,冀南宋莫随鸿雁南飞。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">郭老制联较多,其突出特点之一就是喜欢用典。此联中“铁板铜琵”、“美芹”、“悲黍”等,分别出自俞文豹《吹剑续录》、《列子·杨朱》、《诗经·王风》之中典故,通过用典和描写,评述了辛弃疾词章的豪放和艺术成就的高超,赞扬了辛弃疾爱国之心至死不变的豪情壮志,典故起了很好的烘托和强化作用。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再如赵朴初所作联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">观瞻气象耀民魂,喜今朝祠宇重开,老柏千年抬望眼;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">收拾山河酬壮志,看此日神州奋起,新程万里驾长车。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联中用了五个典故:“老柏”系指岳飞墓前的精忠柏,传为岳飞忠魂所化。“抬望眼”、“收拾山河”、“壮志”、“驾长车”,皆出自岳飞《满江红》词。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在对联中用好典故,可以起到画龙点睛的作用。然而,用典要讲技巧,必须做到用典准确、恰当,有的放矢,用典不当,也会使作品褪色,用典过分和不及都将成为败笔。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看小凤仙挽蔡锷联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">不幸周郎竟短命;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">早知李靖是英雄。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联以蔡锷比周瑜,岁在青年而夭,又暗喻袁世凯是曹操;下联将自己比做红拂,将蔡锷比作李靖。全联用典贴切、自然,令人生发联想。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>24</span>)<span>. </span>无情</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">无情对是巧妙(机巧)联中最有趣味性,最能体现“对”这一特点的一类对联。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">无情对的特点是上、下联中相应最小的词素贴得很近,对得很工,但是词义各异,相去甚远,简直对不起来。一般对联讲究上下联内容相关,无情对偏偏不相关。它有两个标准,一是类别要互不相干,二是内容上要离题千里。请看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">妹妹我思之;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">哥哥你错了。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">这是一副风格奇特的即席对。说的是清朝某年科考,试题中有句:“昧昧我思之”。一考生粗心将“昧”字写成“妹”字,嘲为上联。评卷先生见此,不禁失笑,于是顺手批曰:“哥哥你错了”。此联以回答方式出现,寄无限情趣于对话中,待你发现精妙处,顿有豁然开朗之感。此联奇中见奇,考生误将“昧”置成“妹”,音同而意迥,可谓差之毫厘,谬之千里。奇在阅卷先生将错就错顺水推舟,竟以妹妹身份出现,称此考生为“哥哥”以戏之,宛若含羞怯之意曰“你错了”。无情之格中含有情之态,真乃楹坛之佳品。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">无情对,多为字与字严格相对,而联句立意却风马牛不相及,造成一种对联艺术的差距美。请看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">庭前花始放;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">阁下李先生。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">上联是院中花开的景象,下联则是人文称呼,句意相去甚远。但仔细分析就会发现,上下联的每一个字都对得异常工稳。“庭”与“阁”为宫室小类工对,“前”与“下”同为方位词,“花”与“李”同属植物类,“始”与“先”同为副词作状语,“放”与“生”则是动词相对。字字工对却意远千里,这正是无情对的妙处。再看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">树已半残休纵斧;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">萧何三策定安刘。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">这也是一副无情佳对。上下句意义毫不相干,上联为一古诗句,是说要爱护树木,不要乱伐残树。下联却以萧何献策定汉业的历史故事相对,相差十万八千里,却在字性上结成缘份,有天造地设之妙。上联尾字“斧”是工具,下联尾字“刘”指兵器,在本句中则指汉高祖刘邦;“树”对“萧”,萧,植物名即艾蒿,乃植物小类相对;“已”对“何”,为虚词相对;“半残”对“三策”为数量词相对;“休纵”对“定安”都为虚词相对。联中惟“残”与“策”乍看不似工对,但二字在这里均可视为动词,“残”为伤害之意,“策”有拄、扶之意,仍然对仗工整。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">还有如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">屋外黄梅雨;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">屏间白石虾。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">也是无情对。<span><br /> <br /> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>25</span>)<span>. </span>两兼 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">两兼即指在一副对联中一个字可与前后的字同时组词,在读时可读成两种组合句式,两种效果。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">李东阳气暖;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">柳下惠风和。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联巧在以不同句式的读法读出不同的效果,若按三、二句式读,可读出两个人的名字:李东阳和柳下惠。李东阳,明代诗人,天顺年进士,官至吏部尚书,华盖殿大学士。此人秉性温和,善依附周旋。柳下惠,春秋鲁国大夫,任士师(掌管刑狱的官吏),以善讲贵族礼节和坐怀不乱而着称。联以“气暖”、“风和”喻二人,十分贴切、自然。如按二、三式去读,其意义则变成了这样的意思:李树的东边阳气暖,柳树的下边惠风和。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">不管以何种句式读,对仗、结构都很工整。其一,“李东阳”对“柳下惠”,人名相对,“气暖”对“风和”,主谓语词组相对。其二,“李”对“柳”是植物对,“东”对“下”方位对,“阳气”对“惠风”偏正词组对,“暖”对“和”形容词相对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">孟光轧姘头,梁鸿志短;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">宋江吃败仗,吴用威消。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">据说此联为著名画家吴湖帆讽刺汉奸梁鸿志、吴用威所做。孟光是梁鸿的妻子,《后汉书·逸民传》记载:梁鸿每归,妻子孟光为其具食,不敢于鸿前仰视。吴用是梁山宋江的军师,足智多谋,计谋迭出。上联“梁鸿”、“梁鸿志”均为人名,下联“吴用”、“吴用威”也均为人名。名套名,以乱读者视觉。作者将梁鸿夫妻的故事反其意而用之,意在讽梁鸿志,下联亦然。作者撰联之时乃抗战胜利,外寇投降、汉奸失宠之时,以此联喻之,大快人心。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>26</span>)<span>. </span>衬托</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">将楹联的创作主题不作正面描写,而是借助其它事物从侧面或反面去显示,称为衬托法,或映衬法。被衬托的对象称为主体,做衬的事物称衬体。运用这种方法创作的楹联,主题含蓄,耐人寻味。衬托分正衬和反衬两种方法。正衬的日的是使被衬托的主题在形象上更加鲜明。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">生为国家,死为人民,耿耿忠心照日月;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">功同山岳,德同湖海,洋洋正气结丰碑。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是一副悼念周总理的挽联。全联用“日月”、“山岳”、“湖海”等来映衬总理之丰功伟绩,形象之高大,联语错落有致,当称佳对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看孙中山挽黄兴联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">常恨随陆无武,绛灌无文,纵九等论交到古人,此才不易;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">试问夷惠谁贤,彭殇谁寿,只十载同盟有今日,死后何堪。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">《晋书·刘元海载记》:“常鄙随、陆无武,绛、灌无文”,指随何、陆贾、绛侯周勃、灌婴同是辅刘邦的大臣;“九等”,古代将士分为九品;夷惠指伯夷、柳下惠等古贤人;“彭殇”,指彭祖、殇子。作者旨在挽黄兴,却以古人兴亡衬之,实旨未写古人,“此才不易”褒在黄兴。下联写彭祖之寿,只在惋惜黄兴之青春夭折。作者情感悲绝,可谓一字一泣也。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看一联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">鼠因粮绝潜踪去;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">犬为家贫放胆眠。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联相传为一个屠夫所写。有一年除夕,他家中穷得连过年之物也难以准备,便满怀愤懑之情写了这样一副楹联。全联以鼠的“潜踪去”与狗的“放胆眠”,明白如画地映衬出家中的穷苦因境,充分表现了他内心的凄苦与无奈。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">反衬即用相反的事物,从反面衬托主题。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">远富近贫,以礼相交天下少;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">疏亲慢友,因财而散世间多。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联为清代鄂比赠曹雪芹联,全联巧用反义词相对,旨在使读者明了褒贬之意,同时也可以看做是作者对曹的赞颂。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>27</span>)<span>. </span>借代</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">陈望道</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">先生在《修辞学发凡·借代》中说:“所说事物纵然同其它事物没有类似点,假使中间还有不可分离的关系时,作者也可借那关系事物的名称,来代替所说的事物。”在楹联创作中,为了简明扼要地说明一个事物,也常采用借代手法,即不直接说出事物的原体,而借用另外一种与其有可换关系的名称。借代与本体有可换关系,借体可以代表本体。如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">家有万金不算富;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">命里五子还是孤。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">传说古时一老翁无人养老,遂贴出此联,外人不解,老翁说:“我有十个女儿,人称女儿千金,我不是家有万金吗?我有十个女婿,都说女婿半子,我不是命里五子吗?可女儿女婿都不管我,岂能算富不孤!”这里就是以“千金”指代女儿,“半子”指代女婿。老人的对联贴出后,女儿女婿十分惭愧,乃争相赡养。由此看来,楹联的作用还是很大的。又如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">千古此诗王,流寓遍襄阳烟水,蜀道云山,故国有思,常感秋风怀杜曲;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">五陵孰年少,知交祗陇右词臣,咸阳节度,京华在望,每因泪雨忆长安。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是一副表示对诗圣杜甫思念之情的楹联,其中以“陇右词臣”指代诗仙李白,以“咸阳节度”指代对杜甫多有帮助的严武。再如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">未晚先投二十八;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">鸡鸣早看三十三。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">旧时小旅店常见的楹联是“未晚先投宿,鸡鸣早看天”,这副楹联中的“二十八”、“三十三”乃是借用神话传说中的“二十八宿”和“三十三天”,指代“宿”和“天”,别有一番情趣。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">湖南醴陵红拂墓有一联</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">红拂有灵应惜我;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">青山何幸此埋香。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">红拂,原为隋朝宰相杨素侍姬,钟情于李靖,随李靖于军中,后病逝于醴陵。下联的“香”在古时多喻妇女所用饰品,故古诗文中常借称为妇女。此处代称红拂,此是以物代人。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>28</span>)<span>. </span>拟声</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">拟声是对联的写作技巧之一,也称摹声。它是通过模拟人物、动物、神仙、器物等事物的声音的手法来取得一种艺术效果。有这样一副别致有趣的对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">独榄梅花扫腊雪;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">细睨山势舞流溪。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">看上去这不失为一副诗味浓郁的写景联。然而,细心品读,你会发现另有所指。原来,上联是由乐谱<span>1</span>、<span>2</span>、<span>3</span>、<span>4</span>、<span>5</span>、<span>6</span>、<span>7</span>的谐音而来;下联则是阿拉伯数字一、二、三、四、五、六、七的谐音化出,不过这种读音只是浙江地区的方言而已。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">又如,旧时有一讽刺袁世凯称帝的对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">普天同庆,当庆当庆当当庆;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">举国情狂,情狂情狂情情狂。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上下联均是模拟锣鼓的敲击声。“当”拟小锣声,“庆” 拟小钹声,“情”拟大钹声,“狂”拟大锣声。从内容上来讲,“普天同庆”当然应是“当庆”,“举国情狂”,“情狂”也是理所当然的。不过“情狂”二字是贬义词,有指男女苟合之意。用在窃国大盗袁世凯及其追随者身上很合乎情理。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">以上二联是模拟人物、器物之声,下面一联则是模拟动物之声,请看:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">母鸡下蛋,谷多谷多只一个;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">小鸟上树,酒醉酒醉无半杯。<span> </span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">“谷多谷多”是仿母鸡的叫声,“酒醉酒醉”是仿小鸟的叫声。联语意境含蓄,生活气息犹浓,读之情趣盎然。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>29</span>)<span>. </span>绘态</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">绘态也称摹状。即是描绘人们对客观事物情状的感觉的方法。它直观地临摹事物的情状、声音和色彩等。常运用叠字、双声、叠韵或其它方式表达出来。这种方式多用于讽刺、诙谐联中。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">着!着!着!主子洪福;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">是!是!是!皇上圣明。 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联是讽刺清道光年间两个军机大臣潘世恩和穆彰阿的。他们惯于阿谀奉承,凡是皇帝说的话,他俩无不哈腰点头。“着!着!着!”“是!是!是!”是对二人奴颜形象的描绘。读之如闻其声,如见其状,形象生动。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">近年有人写了一副嘲讽“妻管严”联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">老母任磕头:哎哎哎,嗳嗳嗳;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">娇妻只呶嘴:哦哦哦,噢噢噢。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者以漫画的手法,刻划出这种对母逆、对妻纵的面目。上、下联尾重用六个语气词,绘形绘声,妙不可言。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看一副于谦反讥和尚联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">三丫成鼓架;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一秃似擂槌。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">传说明代于谦自幼聪慧。一天,一过路的和尚见了在门口游玩的于谦,摸着他头上的小爪髻,出上联逗他。没想到于谦却马上以下联进行反讥。全联对于谦爪髻、和尚秃头的描绘可谓维妙维肖,但于谦的下联却未免有点刻薄。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>30</span>)<span>. </span>假称</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">假称也称借称。是作者有意将对联中要表达的意思,将有关的对象用第一人称说出来。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如一庙联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">你求名利,他卜吉凶,可怜我全无心肝,怎出得什么主意;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">庙遏烟云,堂列钟鼎,堪笑人供此泥土,空费了多少钱财。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联语借庙中泥塑木雕的菩萨口吻,说出作者劝世良言。言辞诙谐、有趣,容易被人接受。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">杭州岳飞墓前有一副讽联这样写道:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">咳!仆本丧心,有贤妻何至如是;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">啐!妇虽长舌,非老贼不至今朝。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">清道光年间.有人在杭州岳飞墓前题此联悬挂,形象地表现了秦桧夫妇互相埋怨,垢厉的口吻,真是刻画入微,维妙维肖。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">还有—副为道士写的挽联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">吃的是老子,穿的是老子,一生到老全靠老子;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">唤不回天尊,拜不灵天尊,两脚朝天莫怪天尊。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者借道教鼻祖老子的口吻成联,意在讽刺道士。天尊亦指老子,唐朝老子被封为“太清道德天尊”。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">练习<span>&nbsp; </span>附<span>1-3&nbsp; </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>8</span>:</span></b><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">容颜渐老心依旧</span></strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>9</span>:新家,古井 (无情对)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">出句<span>10</span>:小路陈红师胜姐(杰)(组串哈尔滨文艺界名人)(可以不做)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">创作技法(二):<span class="tpccontent1"><span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>11</span>)<span>. </span>设问</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"><br /> </span></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">以设问的方式来代替平铺直叙的写作,是作联的一种重要方法,这种方法或上联提出问题,下联做答;或上下联均为设问,不与回答,便于把抽象的事理具体形象地表达出来。同时,用“问”与“答”的形式作联,更能引起人们的注意和思考,便于表达联意和创作主旨。常见的设问法有如下几种形式:<span> </span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">设问自答</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">你求名利,他卜吉凶,可怜我全无心肝,怎出得什么主意? </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">殿遏烟云,堂列钟鼎,堪笑人供此泥木,空费了多少钱财! </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联以自怨自艾、自嗟自叹的形式,入木三分地讥讽供奉神像的行为,发人深省,耐人寻味,妙趣横生。很显然,这样的写作方式比平铺直叙的效果要好得多。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">设问求答</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如梁启超答对张之洞联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">四水江第一,四时夏第二,先生居江夏,谁是第一,谁是第二? </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">三教儒在前,三才人在后,小子本儒人,何敢在前,何敢在后! </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">梁启超在武昌讲学时,坐镇武昌的湖广总督张之洞以“礼贤下士”的客套话出上联设问求答,锋芒显露,咄咄逼人。对此,梁启超不卑不亢,避其锋芒,含蓄作答,以柔克刚,真不愧联坛高手。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">③</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">设问不答</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">磨砺以须,问天下头颅几许? </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">及锋而试,看老子手段如何?</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">该联相传为石达开所作,上下联全是反诘语气,诙谐风趣,虽没有明确作答,然其乐观豪迈、气势凛然的联语本身就寓答案于其中了。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看董其昌题杭州灵隐寺飞来峰联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">泉自几时冷起</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">峰从何处飞来<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者以西湖景物落笔,全盘提出疑问。这种方式常给人以朦胧神秘的色彩,把答案留给读者,使人们产生无尽的悬念。后人巧答曰:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">泉自冷时冷起</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">峰从飞处飞来<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">也十分机智。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>12</span>)<span>.&nbsp; </span>反问<span> </span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">为强调某一观念或结论的正确,故意以反问的形式把本意托出,令人注意,使读者从句中找到答案,这种制联方法叫反问法。反问的目的在于给读者以艺术的感染。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">邓小平同志为士兵所撰一联曰:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">列为无产者;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">宁不革命乎?</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联采用流水对,仅十字,并在联中嵌“列宁”二字,作者运用了否定句询问的形式表示肯定的答案,为反问句式的另一种。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">来看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">不受几番磨炼;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">怎成一段锋芒。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">下面这副对联也属此种形式:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">经忏可超生,难道阎王怕和尚? </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">纸钱能赎命,分明菩萨是赃官!<span> </span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">另一种形式则是用肯定的询问式,表示否定的答案。如:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">除却诗书何所癖;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">独于山水不能廉。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">许德衍挽陶行知联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">教育做合一,若干年来,倡导生活教育,身体力行,论功岂止武训第二;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">智仁勇兼备,胜利前后,呼号和平民主,赴汤蹈火,说死实与李闻为三。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联紧扣逝者事迹,所引对比人物十分贴切。此句联属反对,增加了被答者的份量和位置。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">反问法与设问法有相通之处,不同的是一为正面提问,一为反问,故也有人将二法合为一法,通称“设问法”。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>13</span>)<span>.&nbsp; </span>双关</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">双关法是利用汉字的特点,巧用汉字的字、音、义的相同相异之差别而组成字面与字音,形成言此而及彼的语言效果,两者在形式上虽然平行,但在意义上却有主次之分。双关的形式主要有谐音、借义两种。用好双关,可增加对联的趣味和深度。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">谐音</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">谐音法就是利用汉字中同音字词较多的特点,使联语语意双关,一联多意,既可以从字面上理解,又可以联想出更深层意思的制联方法。用谐音法制作的楹联,联谜兼备,别具情趣。如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">普天同庆,当庆当庆当当庆;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">举国若狂,且狂且狂且且狂。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联以“当庆、且狂”谐锣鼓之声,使人在吟诵之时,有如身临锣鼓喧天的欢乐气氛之中。欣赏这样的楹联,谐趣无穷。再如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">因荷而得藕;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">有杏不须梅。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">据传,这是明代宰相李贤在招婿前与陈敏政的一次测试应答对。李贤指着桌上的果品出上句,陈敏政马上领会其意,随口答出下联。此联以“荷、藕、杏、梅”与“何、偶、幸、媒”谐音的特点,隐含另一层意思是“因何而得偶?有幸不须媒”。一谈蔬果花卉,一谈人事姻缘,联意隽永,引人入胜。又如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">莲子心中苦;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">梨儿腹内酸。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">该联相传为金圣叹在刑场离别子女时所作。联语表面意思是写莲心之苦、梨核之酸,实际上是以“莲”谐音“怜”和“连”,寓含“可怜”、“连累”之意;以“梨”谐音“离”,寓含“离别”之意,全联意为“怜子心中苦,离儿腹内酸”。准确、形象、生动地表现了父子刑场离别时的心情,确为对偶精工、文辞优美的佳联。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">借义</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">利用汉语中一个字或词语有不种含义的特点制联,同时表示两种事物的制联方法乃借义法。用这种方法制成的联语,一般用在某些特定的场合。一词二意,启人联想,发人深思。如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">虚心成大器;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">劲节见奇才。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是在竹器店中常见到的一副联语。联中的“虚心”、“劲节”既言竹器,也喻人的品格德行。联语简洁却富于哲理。又如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">龙井泉多奇味;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">武夷茶发异香。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是一副茶叶店联,其中的“龙井”、“武夷”既是地名又是茶名,既描绘了龙井、武夷两地的特点,又指明了店中名茶,使人见而思饮。再如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">稻粱菽,麦黍稷,许多杂种,不知谁是先生?</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">诗书易,礼春秋,皆是正经,何必问及老子!</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是一副应答联,有人出上联讽刺老师,联中“杂种”、“先生”语意双关,问得可谓尖酸刻薄;但“先生”不急不恼,以“正经”、“老子”的双层语意,堂而皇之地回敬了讽刺者,可谓妙语天成。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>14</span>)<span>. </span>同音</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">同音法即同音异字法,又称异混,它跟谐音法一样,都是建立在汉字特有的同音多字基础上的,与谐音法不同的是,它是将几个字形、字义不同而读音相同的字用于同一副楹联之中,从而使联语具有组合精巧、构思奇特、风趣别致的艺术魅力。此种方法听起来难以分辨,看起来一目了然。常见的同音异字法楹联有如下几种样式:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">同音异字叠韵连用</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">饥鸡盗稻童筒打;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">暑鼠凉梁客咳惊。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联写的是生活中的趣事,因其制作难度较大,常将其附会于名人雅士。有一种说法是:李调元一次正与农家大嫂谈天说地,一群鸡跑来啄食晒场上的稻子,两个挥舞竹筒的小孩把鸡赶走了。大嫂见状,便出上联请李调元答对。正在李感到为难时,偶然发现屋梁上一只正东张西望的老鼠被他的咳嗽惊跑了,他心中一动,对出了下联。这副对联构思精巧,情趣盎然,特别是六组同音字字义各异,对仗工稳,是一副绝妙的同音异字对联。还有人添加事例,将此联加以扩充,如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">暑鼠凉梁,唤匠描猫惊暑鼠;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">饥鸡盗稻,呼童拾石打饥鸡。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">暑鼠凉梁,请画师笔壁描猫惊暑鼠;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">饥鸡盗稻,呼童子沿檐拾石打饥鸡。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">同音异字、双声、叠韵间用</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">嫂扫乱柴呼叔束;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">姨移破桶叫姑箍。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联写的也是生活中的两件烦事,联中的“嫂扫”、“叔束”、“姨移”、“姑箍”皆为双声兼叠韵,相间出现于联语中,则生发出奇趣,使联语的娱乐性和趣味性油然而生。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">③</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">同音异字间用<span> </span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">天心阁,阁落鸽,鸽飞阁未飞;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">水陆洲,洲停舟,舟行洲不行。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联中的“阁”与“鸽”、“洲”与“舟”同音异字相间使用,使楹联产生回环反复的妙趣。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">1981</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">年,《中国青年报》曾以<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">“童子打桐子,桐子落,童子乐”<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">为题征联,应征者多有妙对,如:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">“玉头起芋头,芋头枯,玉头哭”<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">“和尚游河上,河上幽,和尚忧”<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">等。与古对<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">“丫头啃鸭头,鸭头咸,丫头嫌”<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">有异曲同工之妙。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span class="tpccontent1"><span>15</span></span><span class="tpccontent1">)<span>. </span>转类</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">转类法又称多音法或异音法,它与同音、谐音等方法利用汉字同音异字不同,是利用汉字一字多音多义、词义通假的特点,造成同一个字在联中的音调变化,给人以奇诡绝妙之感。多音法楹联中最著名的当推河北山海关姜女庙联: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">海水朝朝朝朝朝朝朝落;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">浮云长长长长长长长消。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副联语,上联连用七个“朝”字,下联连用七个“长”字,如果不懂读法,很难理解联意。其实,这里运用了通假法,就是利用汉字一字多音的特点构成联句。如果熟谙汉字一字多音多义的特征,则深觉此联妙趣无穷。对该联的读法,方舟认为共有十种,有的则认为更多,但大家熟悉的是以下两种:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">海水潮,朝朝潮,朝潮朝落;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">浮云涨,长长涨,长涨长消。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">海水潮,朝潮朝潮,朝朝落;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">浮云涨,长涨长涨,长长消。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如此一读,其景自现,它将天与云的变化规律高度概括,使水与云的景观跃然纸上:碧冥沧海,日日潮起潮落;皓穹长空,常常云涌云消。再将孟姜女望夫哭长城的故事加以联想,岂不令人感慨万千。与此联用字、格式相同的楹联在我国很多,像福州罗星塔联、江西赣南梅江畔古庙联、浙江温州江心寺联、四川长宁朝云庙联等,足见此联影响之大之广。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">有一副豆芽店门联,比上一副楹联更加奇特,其联云:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">长长长长长长长;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">长长长长长长长。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">对此,有人如此解读:上联第一、三、五、六字读“<span>ch</span>á<span>ng</span>,经常”,第二、四、七字读“<span>zh</span></span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">ǎ</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">ng</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,生长”,下联则正好相反,上下联的意思就是所生豆芽经常长,越长越大的意思。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上述两联可以说是充分利用了汉字通假字的特点。再看下面一联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">好读书不好读书;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">好读书不好读书。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">从字面上看去,上下联相同,一字不差。如果不是运用转类法,就不能称其为联了。此联就是巧用“好”的多义效能。上联第一个“好”字读“<span>h</span></span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">ǎ</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">o</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">”</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,第二个“好”字读“<span>h</span>à<span>o</span>”,下联则相反。其联中之意是:有利于读书时却不喜欢读书,等到年老喜欢读书之时却又不便于读书了。此联用来解释“少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲”,十分贴切。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>16</span>)<span>. </span>飞白<span> </span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">明知某一词有错而故意使用,将错就错,这种修辞方法称为“飞白”。“白”是“别”、“错”的意思。飞白原是书法绘画中的一种手法,后来借作修辞之用,这是文学作品中经常运用的。在制联方法中,同样有这种技巧,通过飞白手法,以收到特殊的效果。请看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">礼记一书无母狗;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">春秋三传有公羊。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">清初苏州有一个叫韩慕庐的秀才,在某家教私塾,这家的主人自以为很有才学,经常替韩上课以炫耀自己的学问。有一天他教学生读《礼记》中的《曲礼》一篇,竟将“临财毋苟得”,读成“临财母狗得”。此时,一位饱学之士由此经过,错认为是韩念的,觉得好笑,因此在窗外高声念出上联。韩慕庐一听,知道是冲他来的,于是立即应声答出下联。那人听后,方知此先生不是凡俗之辈,于是登门求见。二人见面一谈,才知念“母狗”者不是韩先生,后来韩中了进士。韩以“《春秋》三传有公羊”为对句,对得很妙。公羊是复姓,即指给《春秋》做注释的作者之一公羊高,另二位是左丘明、谷梁赤。三传是指《左传》、《谷梁传》、《公羊传》。那位学士将错就错地将“母狗”直接替代了“毋苟”,即飞白法,下联以“公羊”对“母狗”更是妙绝。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看一联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一代奇书镜花录;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">千秋名士杜林胡。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">传说文革期间,有一个半文盲被派到某图书馆担任驻馆代表。此人将《镜花缘》误读为《镜花録》,还有一次,其人领导学习《反杜林论》,杜林是十九世纪德国一位反对马克思劳动价值与剩余价值说的哲学家和经济学家,人们在批判他时,常有“杜林胡说什么”一语。这位驻馆代表听不懂,误以为“杜林胡”是一位中国的什么人,便大声说“杜林胡反马列主义毛泽东思想,应该枪毙!”于是有人以此为题,撰成上面一联。这副对联先录其错读,后录其错断并加以嘲讽,用的正是飞白手法。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>17</span>)<span>. </span>回文</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">使联语的上下联顺读、倒读皆能成联,且贴切而不混乱,这种制联方法称作回文法。回文法楹联写作极不容易,写好就更不容易,不过一旦写好了,就能产生引人注目的效果。用回文法制作的楹联常见的有两种格式: </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一是上下联以中间为界,两边用字相同,这样不论倒读正读,联意都是一样的,这种联一般称为对称回文。在回文法楹联中,这种格式最为常见。试举几例: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">客上天然居,居然天上客;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">僧过大佛寺,寺佛大过僧。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上海自来水来自海上;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">前门出租车租出门前。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">我爱邻居邻爱我;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">水傍鱼活鱼傍水。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">需要指出的是,在对称回文中,还有一种谐音回文,其文字虽不能倒排,但字音倒读却与顺读一样。谐音回文中,最有名的首推传说为唐寅所作的一联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">画上荷花和尚画;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">书临汉帖翰林书。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">二是上下联使用不同的字,但顺读倒读均能读通,有点类似于回文诗,此种联称为反复回文。这种楹联顺读倒读,往往会产生联意上的不同。如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">风送花香红满地;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">雨滋春树碧连天。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副写景楹联把春风吹拂红花送来阵阵花香、细雨滋润春树大地一派澄清的盛景描绘的很细腻生动。如果将该联倒读,则为:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">天连碧树春滋雨;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">地满红香花送风。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联意则变成了蓝天连碧树,春景润春雨;大地红香满,花儿随风舞。我们仿佛能够感觉到春雨春风中送来的阵阵清香。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>18</span>)<span>. </span>列品</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">列品法有点类似于修辞手法中的排比,要求连续列举三个以上类似的、或有联系的事物成联,所列举的事物之间不掺杂任何间隔词语。使用列品方法,可以强化对联所吟咏的事物,收到其它方法所难以达到的效果。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">白马秋风塞上;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">杏花春雨江南。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者运用白描手法,只将几种事物和谐地列举出来,不加任何渲染,给读者提供了一种悠远的艺术空间。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看浙江莫干山十二生肖公园联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">鼠牛虎兔龙蛇马羊猴鸡狗猪。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联列十二地支,下联列十二种动物,此外不加一字一语,干净利索,自然出奇。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看清代窦垿所撰岳阳楼联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一楼何奇?杜少陵五言绝唱,范希文两字关情,滕子京百废俱兴,吕纯阳三过必醉,诗耶?儒耶?吏耶?仙耶?前不见古人,使我怆然涕下; </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">诸</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">君试看:洞庭湖南极潇湘,扬子江北通巫峡,巴陵山西来爽气,岳州城东道岩疆,渚者,流者,峙者,镇者,此中有真意,问谁领会得来。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联列举杜、范、滕、吕四人史事,“五言绝唱”,指杜甫的《登岳阳楼》诗,“两字关情”指范仲淹《岳阳楼记》中“忧”、“乐”二字,“百废俱兴”是指滕子京谪守巴陵郡(今岳阳)时的政绩,“三过必醉”指传说中八仙之一的吕洞宾岳阳醉酒的轶事;下联列洞庭湖等四处风景特征应对,上下数百年,纵横上千里,使读者对岳阳楼这一千古名楼有更加深刻的印象,堪称联中佳品。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">列品与排比、分总两种制联方法有相似之处,其异同点参见下面排比、分总法介绍。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>19</span>)<span>. </span>排比 </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"><br /> </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">用三个或三个以上的结构相似、字数相等的平行短句,组合在一起表示相关的意思,这种制联方法称作排比法。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">运用排比仅限于上下联的内部,而以长联较多。运用排比法要注意排比的事物要有内容上的联系,而且要求次序须有规律,给人有美感。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看李联芳题武昌黄鹤楼联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">数千年胜迹,旷世传来,看凤凰孤屿,鹦鹉芳洲,黄鹤渔矶,晴川杰阁。好个春花秋月,只落得剩水残山。极目古今愁,是何时崔颢题诗,青莲搁笔;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一万里长江,几人淘尽?望汉口夕阳,洞庭远涨,潇湘夜雨,云梦朝霞。许多酒兴风情,尽留下残阳晚照。放怀天地窄,都付与笛声缥缈,鹤影蹁跹。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者利用排比之法,将武汉三镇的主要胜迹囊括无余。此联极富文采,只是因其具有历史之局限,格调及情绪较为低沉了些。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看现代语言学家王力先生写的桂林小广寒楼联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">甲天下名不虚传:奇似黄山,幽如青岛,雅同赤壁,佳拟紫金,高若鹫峰,穆方牯岭,妙逾雁荡,古比虎丘。激动着倜傥豪情,志奋鲲鹏,思存霄汉,目空培楼,胸涤尘埃,心旷神怡消块垒;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">冠寰球人皆向往:振衣独秀,探隐七星,寄傲伏波,放歌叠彩,泛舟象鼻,品茗月牙,赏雨花桥,赋诗芦笛。引起了联篇遐想,弄甘陇亩,士乐缥湘,工展宏图,商操胜算,河清海晏庆升平。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">该联上联写桂林之胜景,“奇似黄山,幽如青岛,雅同赤壁……”,八个排比句式衬托得其风光无与伦比;下联叙桂林的名胜,“振衣独秀,探隐七星,寄傲伏波……”,令人向往,引人入胜。全联信手拈来,如数家珍,借景抒情,颂今怀古,对仗工整,文采斐然,堪称佳构。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">排比法与列品法有相似之处,都是相关、相似事物的罗列。所不同的是,排比法要求各分句间结构相似,字数相等,既可以说是当句对的进一步扩展,也可以看作是列品法的特殊形式。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>20</span>)<span>.&nbsp; </span>分总</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">像列品法排列物品那样组句,但有分述有总述的制联方法称为分总法。使用分总法,必须集三个以上的物品并列排列,而且中间不用其它词语混杂间隔。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">分总法主要有先总后分和先分后总两种形式。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①<span>. </span></span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">先总后分</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看北宋文学家刘攽对王安石联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">三代夏商周;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">四诗风雅颂。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">刘攽才华出众,王安石有意以此联难他,然刘稍思片刻便对出了下联。此联难度在于解决下联总括数目与列品数目字、义与上联的矛盾,或多或少都很难成对。刘以巧取胜,别开洞天,从《诗经》中独辟蹊径。风、雅、颂为《诗经》的四个组成部分,其中雅分大雅、小雅,历史上通称为四诗。以“四诗”对“三代”,以“风雅颂”对“夏商周”,妙语惊人,被称为传世绝对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">先分后总</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看一副春联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">松竹梅岁寒三友;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">桃李杏春暖一家。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">即是先分后总式。上联先列松、竹、梅,再以文人雅称“岁寒三友”总之;下联亦然,桃、李、杏在初春相继开花,且有红、白、粉等不同颜色,古人常以之代春,故曰“春暖一家”。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">邓琰的自题碧山书屋联也属此类:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">沧海日,赤城霞,峨嵋雪,巫峡云,洞庭月,彭蠡烟,潇湘雨,武夷峰,庐山瀑布,合宇宙奇观,绘吾斋壁;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">少陵诗,摩诘画,左传文,马迁史,薛涛笺,右军帖,南华经,相如赋,屈子离骚,收古今绝艺,置我山窗。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者在这副联中,上下联分别用九种事物排列,这种对法又称连环法,此联即为九连环,环环相扣,节奏紧凑,音调铿锵,回环跌宕,气势宏大,可谓波澜壮阔,在对联中是不多见的。制作这种对联,应当注意上下联所排列的事物、结构必须一致,比如上联是偏正结构,下联也应当采用偏正结构。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">练习 附<span>1-2&nbsp; </span></span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">出句<span>5</span>:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">人在云山深处隐</span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">出句<span>6</span>:梅枝</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;"><a href="http://www.lang5.com/bbs/thread-19771-1-1.html"><span style="color:red;text-decoration:none;"><span>溢雪,</span></span><span style="color:red;text-decoration:none;"><span>芳心一寸三分瘦</span></span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">出句<span>7</span>:<span class="tpccontent1">走山东,走广东,临海海风迎客到</span><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">附录<span>1</span>:对联技法介绍</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:47.4pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:maroon;">(由于课时限制,这部分内容改为自由学习与留存。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对联技法(一):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">传统对联的制作方法有多种。除了进阶篇已经叙述的镶嵌方法之外,本节开始,依次介绍其它的创作方法。应当说明的是,学习这些技法,首先是为了通过欣赏前人的创作技巧,来提高我们的鉴赏水平。然后有可能的话,再逐步继承学习之。初学者并不要求一下就都运用自如。因此,此后每节之后留的练习,并不一定与该节内容直接相关。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">本节“创作方法介绍(一)”以及后面的(二)、(三)、(四)、(五)的介绍的内容,如嫌不足,还可以到网上去搜索补充。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(<span>1</span>)<span>. </span>叠字<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">叠字,又名“重言”,是指由两个相同的字重叠组成联语。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">叠字的适当运用,可以生动地表现楹联的意境。语音上和谐悦耳,节奏明朗,韵律协调,具有个性达意的形象性。因而可以增强楹联的艺术魅力,获得特定的表达效果。在楹联创作中,叠字法的运用是非常广泛的,几乎随处可见。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">比如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">风风雨雨,暖暖寒寒,处处寻寻觅觅。</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">莺莺燕燕,花花叶叶,卿卿暮暮朝朝;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是苏州网师园的一副叠字楹联,上联化用李清照词《声声慢》,使联语独具特色。全联从纵和横的角度描写了该园山重水复、鸟语花香的美景和游客流连忘返、恋人们卿卿我我的境况。该联读来声韵铿锵,语句含义丰富深长,为游人增添了无限情趣。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">南南北北,文文武武,争争斗斗,时时杀杀砍砍,搜搜刮刮,看看干干净净;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">户户家家,女女男男,孤孤寡寡,处处惊惊慌慌,哭哭啼啼,真真凄凄惨惨。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联在解放前流传一时,它形象地嘲讽了国民党统治下旧中国的凄惨景象,把当时的社会现实暴露无遗。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">叠字联将同一个字接连叠用,其势似穿珠成串,在节奏上可产生明显的音律效果。请看俞樾做的这副杭州九洞十八溪联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">重重叠叠山,曲曲环环路;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">高高下下树,叮叮咚咚泉。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">作者将四个形容词“重叠、曲环、高下、叮咚”进行了特殊处理,效果便发生了很大变化,感觉清澈,情景宜人。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再如大家十分熟悉的西湖联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">山山水水,处处明明秀秀;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">晴晴雨雨,时时好好奇奇。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">联句立意新颖,用字娇嫩,将此联用于西湖这一特定景观之中,非常自然、贴切。西湖美景如在眼帘,使游人留连忘返,陶醉于山光水色之中。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span class="tpccontent1"><span>2</span></span><span class="tpccontent1">)<span>. </span>反复</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">为了加强楹联的语气,以突出联意,加深联语的深度和广度,把所要叙述的事物表达的更加形象生动,将同样一个或几个字在楹联中,间隔地运用或者反复地运用,使之既紧密连结而意义不尽相同。这种方法,称之为反复法。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">反复法作的楹联,有时是联意的反复,有时是用字的反复,以增强艺术效果。但决不是为重复而重复。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在新城,演新戏,欢迎新同志,迎接新胜利;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">除旧貌,破旧习,打倒旧军阀,摧毁旧世界。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">据《井冈山的武装割据——革命历史资料丛书之二》所载,这是<span>1928</span>年<span>12</span>月<span>11</span>日,红五军到达宁冈县新城,在欢庆红四军和红五军会师的万人大会上,讲台两侧贴的楹联。 “新”、“旧”的对比十分强烈。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">好领导,好政策,好形势,好上加好;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">富国家,富集体,富农民,富了又富。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联中,“好”、“富”字反复出现了五次,使联意层层深入,把农村出现的好形势及出现这种形势的原因说得清清楚楚,深刻透彻。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">又如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">开关早,关关迟,迎过客过关;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">出对易,对对难,请先生先对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联看似平常,实则暗藏机巧。其中“关”字与“对”字均为复字,而“关关”与“对对”又貌似叠字,其实前一个“关”与“对”是作动词用,后一个“关”与“对”是作名词用。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">也有几个字在联语中间,间隔地出现的。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">三十年前,县考无名,府考无名,道考无名,人眼不开天眼见;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">八十日里,乡试第一,京试第一,殿试第一,蓝袍脱下紫袍归。 <span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联相传为是清朝大余县有个戴衢亨,勤奋好学,才华颇高,可因县官不识才,到<span>30</span>余岁连个秀才也没捞到。他的朋友出于义愤为他买了个秀才,得以取得乡试资格。在<span>80</span>天里,他由乡试到京试再到殿试,连中三元,被点为状元,衣锦还乡,感慨之余,写下了这副楹联。联语中“考无名”与“试第一”各自间隔出现三次,形象地表述了自己仕宦途中的坎坷经历,同时警告了那些玩忽职守、埋没人才的官吏,堪称联坛佳话,联中上品。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>3</span>)<span>. </span>复叠<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在同一联语中,既用叠字又用反复的制联方法称为复叠法。用复叠法写作的楹联往往能兼有复字法和叠字法的艺术效果。请看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">年年难过年年过;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">处处无家处处家。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是在旧社会流传很广的一副对联,联中的“年年”、“处处”为叠字,“过”、“家”为复字,这副楹联把旧社会穷苦人流离失所的痛苦处境表达得淋漓尽致。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">军阀跑,国防跑,富绅跑,跑跑跑,看着跑垮刮民党;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">工人来,农民来,士兵来,来来来,共同来建苏维埃。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联相传是一个私塾先生所写。联语通过“跑”字和“来”字间隔出现和重叠运用,对革命形势的发展作了高度形象的概括,这是一副通俗易懂,思想性、艺术性俱佳的上乘之作。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">松声竹声钟馨声,声声自在;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">山色水色烟霞色,色色皆空。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是吴忠礼题南京弘济寺的一副对联。作者在创作中将复字法和叠字法重复使用,上联突出一“声”字,下联突出一“色”字,既是写景,又是写情,楹联虽短而寓意深刻。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">另外浙江天台山方广寺的长联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">风声水声虫声鸟声梵呗声,总和三百六十击钟鼓声,无声不寂;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">月色山色草色树色云霞色,更兼四万八千丈峰峦色,有色皆空<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">也是绝妙之对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>4</span>)<span>. </span>顶真<span> </span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">顶真法又叫联珠法,是将前一句或前一节奏的尾字又作为后一句或后一节奏的首字,使两个音节或两个句子首尾相连,前后承接,产生上递下接的效果,好像串珠子似的一种成联方法。用顶真法创制的联语,要做到语句递接紧凑、生动明快方为佳联。顶真与叠字形式相仿但本质却不同,顶真可以是一个单字,也可以是一个复词或词组,既可以一次使用,也可以重复使用。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">寿禄比南山,山不老,老福人,人杰年丰,丰衣足食,食的珍肴美味,位列三台,台享荣华宝贵,贵有稀客,客多是理,理正言顺也;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">晦气如东海,海真大,大贪鬼,鬼面兽心,心术不端,端是财痞杂种,终必一死,死无下葬墓地,地伏饿狼,狼撕其身,身败名裂哉!</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相传这副楹联的上联是个好吹牛拍马的富家子弟给一个大富翁送的寿联。做寿之日无人能对下联,富翁眉开眼笑。一个穷秀才见了上联,对出下联,叫一小孩送上,气得富翁七窍生烟,寿席不欢而散。这副楹联的上下联都是采用顶真法创制的,联语象一条环环相扣的链子,上联把富翁捧上了天,下联却把富翁骂得狗血喷头,死有余辜,令人拍手称快。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看一副风景联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">听雨雨住,住听雨楼边,住听雨声,声滴滴,听、听、听;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">观潮潮来,来观潮阁上,来观潮浪,浪涛涛,观、观、观。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副顶真对,既有句内顶真,又有分句之间的顶真。上联妙用一字两义,“住”一作“停止”,一作“住宿”,把听雨观潮之妙趣随着语意的跳跃尽纳联中。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">下面一副戏台联堪称顶真联中的佳品:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">看我非我,我看我,我也非我;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">装谁像谁,谁装谁,谁就像谁。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副顶真楹联概括力极强,仅用了八个字,就把戏剧演员忘掉自我、逼真肖人的精彩表演描述出来了,该联对仗工稳,精巧风趣,联意隽永,是一副绝妙戏联。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>5</span>)<span>. </span>拆字</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在楹联创作中,将楹联中的汉字的形体分拆或合并,巧妙地制作联语的一种方法叫拆拼法。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">用拆拼法制作的联语,既要保持楹联原有的对仗特点,又要受所拆拼的字的形体结构的严格约束,因而在制作时有一定难度。但是制得好的拆拼楹联,能使语言曲折有致,而又耐人寻味,有如用拆拼法所制作的谜语一样,富于趣味性。好的拆拼楹联实有画龙点睛之妙,从而使联语达到某种特殊的艺术效果。析字包括拆字和合字两种形式。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①<span>. </span></span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">拆字</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">就是将一个或数个独立的汉字拆成若干个独立的汉字,并用所拆之字完成和表达一个完整的意思。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">鸿是江边鸟;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">蚕为天下虫。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">鸿是由江、鸟二字组成,蚕是由天、虫二字组成。一是左右结构,一是上下结构。一作鸟,一作虫,江对天,可为严对之例。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">又如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  凤山山出凤,凤非凡鸟;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  龙口口回龙,龙本宠身。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  相传出句是广西凤山县第八代土官之女韦小姐。其人才貌过人,及笄之年,求婚者络绎不绝,韦小姐想觅一匹配郎君,遂出上联征偶。求婚者绞尽脑汁,却无一应对,故此韦小姐也遗憾终身而命归九泉。上联以当地地名出句,环环相扣,又将“出”、“凤”拆出。由二三字组成第四字,第五字又与第一、第六字相同,八、九两字合起来又构成第六字。下联为今人所作,龙口为山东一市名,以龙对凤,对工得体,有龙凤呈祥之意。回字又拆出两口字,同出句相比有异曲同工之妙。“宠身”所指“龙”字,比较上联,不失风采,可谓出句之佳对。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一般拆字联多将所拆之字嵌入联内,使人一目了然。但也有不嵌所拆之字,暗藏机关,需要细心琢磨,方悟其意。如下联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">本非正人,装作雷公模样,却少三分面目;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">惯开私卯,会打银子主意,绝无一点良心。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相传清朝同治年间,四川某县县官姓柳名儒卿者,欺上瞒下,横行不法,人称其为“柳剥皮”。有人便用他的名字作了这样一副拆拼式楹联送给他。上联拆隐“儒”字,因为“儒”字可拆为“亻、雨、而”三部分:“亻”——非正人,雨——装作雷公模样,而——却少三分面目(面去三为而);下联拆隐“卿”字,“卿”字可拆为“卯、艮”两部分,“卯”——惯开私卯,“艮”——绝无一点良心(良去点与艮近似)。借对“儒卿”二字的拆析与描划,贬斥“儒卿”的阴险歹毒,字字句句鞭挞入里。这副楹联既是一则谜语,也是拆拼联中的绝妙之作。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">合字</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">就是将两个或若干个汉字合成一个字,做到内容贯通并将所组合的文字巧妙地组成联句。如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">日在东,月在西,天上生成明字;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">女居左,子居右,世间配成好人。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此联最大的特点是自然舒展,不牵强,不做作,字面和现实十分贴切,耐人品味。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">下联是乾隆和纪昀的一副应答联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  心口十思,思子思妻思父母;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  寸身言谢,谢天谢地谢君王。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">据说乾隆察觉纪昀有思家之意,便出上联试探他。纪昀以实奏闻,以对句相答。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在析字联中,有时将拆字与合字用于同一联中,达到更为巧妙的艺术效果。如下联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">张长弓,骑奇马,单戈独战;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">嫁家女,孕乃子,生男曰甥。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联拆拼“张、骑”二字又合并“战”字,下联拆拼“嫁、孕”二字又合并“甥”字,分别表现了驰骋疆场和儿女情长的两种场面,富于趣味性和艺术魅力。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>6</span>)<span>. </span>加减</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:36.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">由于某种需要,将某副楹联的上下联增加或减少一些字词或笔划,使联意发生变化,造成新的意境,组成新的楹联,这种制联方法叫做加减法。这种作联的方法在某些特定的场合时常出现,所撰楹联多含有诙谐、戏谑、讽刺意味。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">①</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">加字</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">又称续字。传说有一年除夕王羲之连续写了多副春联均被人揭走,最后撰一联贴于门上:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">福无双至;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">祸不单行。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">因联语不吉利才没有被人揭走,晚上王羲之又在上下联后各添三字,大家在春节早上见到的春联就变成了:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">福无双至今日至;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">祸不单行昨夜行。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">还有一个传说。明朝才子解缙未成名时,住所与一富翁家的竹林相对。除夕,他在门上贴了一副春联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">门对千根竹;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">家藏万卷书。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">富翁见状大怒,心想我家的竹园岂容他人借用?便令家人将竹子砍掉一截。解缙自知其意,便在上下联各添一字:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">门对千根竹短;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">家藏万卷书长。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">富翁见之,更加恼火,干脆把竹根也刨掉了。解缙只觉好笑,便把楹联又添二字:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">门对千根竹短无;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">家藏万卷书长有。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">任凭富翁将竹砍短、除根,楹联依景而变,只气得富翁目瞪口呆,无计可施。此联两次加字,实属不易。用加减法制作楹联要求联意不做作,不牵强,字生趣,意通神。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">②</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">加笔划 </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相传有一仕宦人家,父子俩有权有势,横行乡里,老百姓对他们敢怒而不敢言。父子俩都买了进士,婆媳均封夫人,为了光宗耀祖,装点门面,便在门上挂出一副楹联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">父进士,子进士,父子皆进士;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">婆夫人,媳夫人,婆媳均夫人。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">门对刚刚贴出,便有人乘其不注意时通过改增笔划,变成了另一副楹联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">父进土,子进土,父子皆进土;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">婆失夫,媳失夫,婆媳均失夫。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如此一改,内容便大相径庭,父子俩也只有自叹倒霉而已。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">③</span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">. </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">减字</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">楹联的针对性极强,不能轻易混淆。传说旧时有一家人家结婚,把 <span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">流水夕阳千古恨<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">春露秋霜百年愁<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">的丧联错贴于喜堂之上,客人一见,无不惊异,因碍于情面又不便明说。当新娘来到喜堂见此联时,不免暗中叫苦,但她灵机一动,来到丧联旁,将上下联尾各截去一字,丧联立刻变成下面的喜联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">流水夕阳千古;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">春露秋霜百年。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">类似这样加减字词的故事,在民间广有流传。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>7</span>)<span>. </span>翻造</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">将别人创作的楹联作某些必要的改动,用以表达自己写作楹联的主旨的制联方法称作翻造法。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">用翻造法写作的楹联尽管只改动几个字,但能另具新意,这种写作方法常被人们所运用。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">心在朝廷,原无论先主后主;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">名高天下,何必辨襄阳南阳。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这是河南南阳岗诸葛武侯祠大殿门前两旁的一副楹联。上联歌颂诸葛亮一生忠心耿耿、鞠躬尽瘁的品格;下联为诸葛亮早年隐居地是襄阳、南阳之争而感叹,寓意深邃幽默,富于哲理。<span>1959</span>年秋,胡耀邦到南阳检查工作,在参观武侯祠等古迹时,看到了这副楹联,易数字而成一副新联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">心在人民,原无论大事小事;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">功归天下,何必争多得少得。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">该联寓意新颖,表现了共产党人的高尚情操,堪称翻造联之佳作。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看一联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">铁肩担道义;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">辣手着文章。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">明代杨继盛因弹劾奸相严嵩,无辜被杀,临刑前写了这副楹联以示不畏强暴。<span>1916</span>年李大钊书赠杨子惠一副楹联,乃是翻造此联而成:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">铁肩担道义;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">妙手着文章。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">该联仅易一字,却足以抒己志,又勉友人奋发向上,新意顿生。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>8</span>)<span>. </span>隐如</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">在对联中用相关的话暗示要讲的事物,也就是将要讲的隐藏起来,这种制联方法称作隐如。隐如手法,似乎谜语。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">请看这样一副对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">数声吹起湘江月;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">一枕招来巫峡云。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联“数声吹起湘江月”只说吹,却未言吹的是什么,然而读者却很容易联想到那清脆悦耳的笛声。下联“一枕招来巫峡云”,显而易见,那枕边尤物不是梦,又是何物?宋玉《高唐赋序》说楚王梦与巫山神女相会于高唐。神女曰:“旦为行云,暮为行雨。”上联写笛,下联写梦,意境幽远,令人心动。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">解放前,有人写过一副痛斥外强在中国横行霸道的对联,联曰:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">中土讵能容久住;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">醉乡何得复横行。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">中土,指中华大地,上联是说列强不得在中国横行霸道,下联隐说的是螃蟹,说用酒烹制的螃蟹再不会横行了。此联隐含了两种事物,是一副佳作。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">用隐如法制作的对联虽与谜联相类,但却有本质的区别。用制谜法制作对联,乃以依物制联,是将谜面对联化,实际上就是用对联形式制作的谜语;而用隐如法制作对联,乃是以联喻物,是将所要描写的事物暗藏于联中,使人们通过联想对作者的用意加以理解。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>9</span>)<span>. </span>缺如</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">缺如联,也称隐语、漏字,在楹联中是一种特殊的表现手法,这种手法故意将尾字或联句中的一字隐去,并以联中展现之字向读者暗示所缺之字,而该联的意思又正是在空缺的字上,联句仍能形成很规矩的对仗。细心的人从展现的字面上不难看出联中所藏之意。用漏字法制作的楹联,一般具有谜语的功能,或戏谑,或嘲讽,谜味隽永,猜趣无穷,很好地显示了其巧对的艺术魅力。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如一户穷人写的春联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">二三四五;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">六七八九。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">横批:南北</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">从字面看,读者便知作者在做文字游戏。上联缺“一”字,下联缺“十”字。这到底是什么意思呢。这要从所缺之字的谐音上去理解。“一”与“衣”谐音,“十”与“食”谐音,加上横批所缺“东西”二字,作者的意图就不言而喻了, “缺衣少食,没有东西”。此联立意奇巧,很形象地表达了穷人过年三难。它不但是一篇缺如联,还是一副数字联,若把它视为谐音联也可以。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">有一副嘲庸医的对联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">未必逢凶化;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">何曾起死回。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相传有一个叫“吉生”的庸医,水平低下,却爱自吹,有人便在其门上贴了这副楹联予以嘲讽。在上下联镶嵌的成语中,每个成语都故意漏写了一个字,所漏写的字合起来恰是他的名字。这样的漏字法作的楹联,艺术效果比不漏“吉生”二字更佳。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">再看一副贺婚联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">人称新郎新娘,原本是旧相思一对;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">你吃喜糖喜酒,能不有风味几番? </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副联中故意漏去一字,让前来贺喜的人自己去品味,自我感觉用什么字好就填上什么字,填不上来,说明这种风味难以用语言表达。这一漏字,正是寓联意于联外。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">据说,袁世凯死后,有人写过这样一副对联:<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">袁世凯千古</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">中国人民万岁</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这副楹联故意不按楹联作法之常规去写,上联五个字,下联六个字,使其不能成对,这样的对联按属对要求是绝对不可以的。但此联正是用属对中的“失对”术语,向人们暗示“袁世凯对不起中国人民”之意,作者利用缺如的手法出其不意地表达了言外之意所产生的艺术效果。借此,方使这一巧联流传于世。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">(<span>10</span>)<span>. </span>歧义</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">楹联在实际应用中是不加标点的,在一般情况下,不同的断句方式对楹联联意的影响不是很大。但是,有一种楹联,是出于某种需要而精心构思的,不同的断句方式下,联意会发生很大变化,甚至相反。这就是利用两读法所制作的楹联。这种楹联不很常见,但构思好了,用在某些特定的场合,却可以产生其它格式的楹联所不能达到的奇特效果。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">明日逢春好不晦气</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">终年倒运少有余财</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相传此联为明代学者祝枝山为一店主人所作的一副戏谑联。店主人将其读成:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">明日逢春,好不晦气;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">终年倒运,少有余财。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">认为是一副倒霉晦气的春联,因而大为不满。祝枝山微微一笑说:不必生气,是你把楹联念错了。应该这样念:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">明日逢春好,不晦气;<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">终年倒运少,有余财。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">店主人这才转怒为喜,且置酒招待。这是祝枝山利用这副楹联有两种不同读法所获得的相反效果,与店主人开了一个小小的玩笑。但由于这副楹联容易产生歧义,店主人终究没有贴出来。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">传说祝枝山还写过这样一副歧义联:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"> <span><br /> </span></span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此屋安能久居</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">主人好不悲伤</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">相传有个刻薄的富翁造了高楼大厦,请祝枝山写楼联。祝深知此翁为人,决意捉弄他一下,便写了上面这副楹联,并念成:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此屋安,能久居;</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">主人好,不悲伤。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b></span><span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">富翁听后颇为满意,待贴出来后,宾客们却个个偷偷地暗笑,富翁明白了其中奥秘,只落得七窍生烟,却又无可奈何。原来这副对联如不断句,上联分明是疑问句式,下联是感叹句式,那么这间屋子是无人敢住的。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span class="tpccontent1"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">练习题:附1—<span>1</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">出句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">秋月清寒秋水冷</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">出句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;"><a href="http://www.lang5.com/bbs/thread-19764-1-2.html"><span style="color:maroon;text-decoration:none;"><span>扫雪烹茶弄墨</span></span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">出句:任人</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;"><a href="http://www.lang5.com/bbs/thread-19762-1-2.html"><span style="color:maroon;text-decoration:none;"><span>来去,深山景色依然在</span></span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">出句:山山水水,村村寨寨人人乐<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:red;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:red;">对联的切题与欣赏<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">首先我们来说说对联的切题。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">创作对联或参与对句,要产生上乘之作品,就像写作诗词散文一样,要做到文意切题。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">楹联与其它文体的区别之一是:表面无题,实际有题。楹联张贴、悬挂、书写、铭刻在实体上,是室内环境或名胜古迹的组成部分,因此题目不言而喻。但是在撰写楹帖、联语或编写楹联书籍时须加题目。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联文意必须切题,也就是说要切人、切事、切物、切地、切时、切景。古来名家(如梁章巨)在评论对联时,常常用“切”字作为评论优劣标准之一。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">、切人<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">徐渭题孙夫人祠:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">思亲泪落吴江冷<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">望帝魂归蜀道难<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">据陈寿《三国志》称:“先主遣诸葛亮自结于孙权。权遣周瑜、程普等水军数万,与先主并力,与曹公战于赤壁,大破之……琦病死。群下推先主为荆州牧,治公安。权稍畏之,进妹固好。”可见孙权将其妹嫁给刘备是巩固孙刘联盟的需要。此联充分揭示出孙夫人感情上的两难处境。字面上没有孙夫人三个字,但字字都表达了孙夫人的感情,非常感人。钱楷题常熟草圣祠联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">书道入神明,落纸云烟,今古竞传八法<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">酒狂称圣草,满堂风雨,岁时宜奠三杯<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">钱梅溪(楷)曰:“唐张旭曾为常熟县尉古线城南有草圣祠。”张旭善草书,嗜酒,每大醉呼叫狂走乃下笔。或以头濡墨而书,既醒自视以为神不可复得也。此联把张旭书道之神,嗜酒之狂,表现得淋漓尽致。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">、切事<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">徐渭题绍兴汤绍恩祠联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">炼石补星辰,两月兴工当万历,缵禹之绪<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">凿山振河海,千年遗迹在三江,于汤有光<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">绍兴滨海,常有水患。明汤绍恩任绍兴太守时创建应宿闸后解决了水患问题。故后人立祠纪念。楹联大多是应制之作,此联并不泛泛地歌功颂德,而是记载了当时的工程情况,可以当地方水利史读。梁章巨评曰:“两用成语,一切其事,一切其姓,越人每乐述之。”<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">题茶亭兼卖酒者联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">为名忙,为利忙,忙里偷闲,吃杯茶去<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">劳心苦,劳力苦,苦中作乐,斟碗酒来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联为茶酒肆做广告而不落痕迹。用谚语入联,别有风味,款款道来,入情入理。自是上乘之作。可见用白话文写对联也可以写得十分精彩。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">董邦达题理发店联<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">相逢尽是弹冠客<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">此去应无搔首人<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">清董邦达在北京理发店题了这副对联,某亲王大为赞赏,从此他的书画闻名京师。此联写被理发者的心理,妙在既隐喻理发,又隐喻当官。梁沈约《郊居赋》有“或辞禄而反耕,或弹冠而来仕”。 弹冠客就是当官者。宋陆游《秋晚登城北门》有“山河兴废供搔首,身世安危入倚楼”。 搔首是无可奈何之状。理了发,当官有望,万事如意,弹冠相庆。又一理发店联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">磨厉以须,问天下头颅有几<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">及锋而试,看老夫手段如何<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">同样写理发,此联写理发者的功夫,却令人不寒而栗,退避三舍。或云石达开所撰。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">、切物<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"> 徐宗干咏炭联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一味黑时犹有骨<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">十分红处便成灰<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联咏物真切,对比强烈,寓义深长。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">梁恭辰《楹联四话》卷一云:徐树人中丞(宗干)尝制“咏炭”一联铭诸座右,可见其居官之概。又朱应镐《楹联新话》卷一云:清代“官场口语,以得宪眷者为红,否则为黑。同治初元,徐清惠公宗干抚闽时,前抚满洲仲文中丞瑞璸总督正轩制府庆端以事被劾去位,一时私人废黜殆尽。公咏炭有句谓此。程桐轩太守(荣春)为书其语,加跋,锓本,印成楹帖分贻寅好。今多有悬挂者。附要津者可鉴矣。”《楹联新话》“一味”作“一半”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">、切地<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">苏州虎丘花神庙联<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一百八记钟声,唤起万家春梦<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">二十四番风信,吹香七里山塘<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">虎丘山在苏州西北七里,寒山寺在苏州西十里枫桥。一百八记钟声来自寒山寺。虎丘附近多花农。故云吹香七里山塘。虎丘花神庙不同于西湖花神庙,梁章巨评曰:“却移作西湖之花神庙联不得”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">北京陶然亭文昌阁联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">爽气抱西山,窗外峰峦挑笔阵<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">文光凌北斗,花间楼阁接天梯<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">陶然亭文昌阁建在城南一片沼泽地中的高丘上,当时可遥望西山。 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">5</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">、切时<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">钱楷题黄鹤楼联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">我去太匆匆,骑鹤仙人还送客<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">兹游良眷眷,落梅时节且登楼<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">钱楷任湖北巡抚,刚三个月,又奉命内调。此联写在匆匆离任之前,落梅时节登黄鹤楼,极有特色。依依不舍之情十分真切,用辞也十分妥切,故能引起读者共鸣。<span><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>周策纵集宋词有联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">别来风月为谁留,二分尘土,一分流水<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">峰到春归无处寻,红了樱桃,绿了芭焦<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联集石孝友《鹧鸪天》,苏轼《水龙吟》,辛弃疾《贺新郎》,蒋捷《一剪梅》句。对仗之美集中在“二分尘土,一分流水/红了樱桃,绿了芭蕉”两个切时切景的自对自重句上。要理解“二分尘土,一分流水”的含意,苏东坡《水龙吟》(杨花词)不可不读。通篇描述扬花,实际上是惜春、送春。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">6</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">、切景<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">黄万春题敦煌鸣沙山月牙泉月泉阁联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一湾水曲似月宫,仙境涤尘心,顿起烟霞泉石念<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">五色沙堆成山岳,晴天传逸响,恍闻丝竹管弦声<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">敦煌鸣沙山月牙泉以“大漠奇观”着称于世。沙泉共处之天然妙趣,非亲身经历,难以想象。月牙泉四周为沙山所困,自古迄今,沙不进泉,一奇也。山脊如刃,经人走驼踩,宿夕复初,二奇也。人乘沙滑行会发出响声,三奇也。大概与所处地理、气候的特殊条件有关。月泉阁在月牙泉北岸,高阁飞檐,俯瞰清泉,沙中绿洲,恍如仙境。此联上款“清黄万春撰”,下款“甲戌端阳心斋姜家诚书”,知为重刻旧联。上端有匾额曰“别有天地”。此联格律谨严,写景真切,想象丰富,正确诠释“大漠奇观”,使自然景观与人文景观交相辉映,堪称名胜楹联之精品。<span><br /> </span>  我们在分析对联时,先讲平仄,再讲对仗,最后讲文意。在撰联时刚好相反,首先要立意,根据内容确定形式,选择相应的最佳结构,然后按照调平仄拟定出句,再按照出句考虑对句。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">所谓立意,就是确定主题思想,围绕主题思想构思。与其它文体不同的是,一副对联在构思之初,就要按对立统一规律来设计上下联的内容。主题思想是一致的,但上下联的内容应有所区别,甚至对立,相反相成。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">根据内容确定形式,选择相应的最佳结构。出句和对句的平仄对仗可反复调整,甚至可以推倒重来,重新选择最佳结构,直到满意为止。在征联情况下,除出句不可更改外,其它也一样。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:8.85pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">下面我们来说说对联的鉴赏。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">句脚平仄变格举例<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">民意顺,国运兴,四海讴歌称盛世<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">春风和,日色丽,九州景物换新颜<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此例句脚平仄没有遵循“两两交替”规则(没有从“平仄杆”的最后依次向前截取),是一种变格。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">四句、五句及以上的长联,有时为了联意需要或者运用特殊联格的缘故打破“两两交替”规则,允许为变格。又例:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">新相识,旧相识,春宵有约期方值。试问今夕何夕,一样月色灯色,该寻觅。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">这边游,那边游,风景如斯乐未休。况是前头后头,几度茶楼酒楼,尽勾留。(句脚押韵)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">人人论功名,功有实功,名有实名,存一点掩耳盗铃之私心,终为无益;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">官官称父母,父必真父,母必真母,做几件悬羊卖狗的假事,总不相干。(拆词分总)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">循规曰圆,循矩曰方。当圆则圆,当方则方。或舍圆求方,或舍方求圆,圆方岂可随心变。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">明事为觉,明知为悟。错觉非觉,错悟非悟。有以觉求悟,有以悟求觉,觉悟缘由阅世来。(句脚越递)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">再举一些三三七结构的例子。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">方地山春联<span>:</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">出有车,食有鱼,当代孟尝能客我</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(<span>110</span>,<span>110</span>,<span>1100011</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">金未尽,衣未敝,今年季子不回家</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(<span>001</span>,<span>001</span>,<span>0011100</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">方地山是袁世凯的西席,袁寒云的老师。有一年除夕,他写了这副春联贴在住房门上,对东家款待表示满意,还打个照呼,今年过年不回家了。对联可以把想说又不好意思当面吹捧的话,引经据典,堂而皇之写出来,而且非常得体。方地山把东家捧为孟尝君,自比苏秦,既夸了东家,又夸了自己,在政治上当然不足为训,但在艺术上确是杰作。此联用典非常讲究。上联用《冯暖客孟尝君》故事,下联用《苏秦以连横说秦》故事,均出自《战国策》(见《古文观止》)。读这副对联等于重温了两篇名著。此联由两个三言句式和一个七言句式构成。从结构上可以看出:两个三言句式(<span>110</span>,<span>110/011</span>,<span>011</span>)与七言句式(<span>1100011/0011100</span>)的前三位相重。两个三言句式可视为七言句式的部分重复,所以朗读时,节奏鲜明,声律非常协调。此联另一版本,下联稍有不同:“金未尽,衣未敝”作“裘未敝,金未尽”;“ 不回家”作“不还家”。隐名老人题西部影视城古堡龟卦<span>:</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">河出图,洛出书,万古文明昭日月<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">观乎天,察乎地,一时法象定乾坤<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">宁夏银川市镇北堡有一座“西部影视城”,《红高梁》等电影就是在那里拍摄的。该城新堡有一条仿旧商业街,满街都是店铺,有茶馆、酒楼、布店、钱庄、药铺、卜堂等等。每家店铺都有一副商业联。此联为北京易学家所作,采用三三七结构,对仗工整,文辞典雅,一看便知是算命先生的卜堂。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">介绍用韵联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联不要求用韵,用韵后别有风味,但同边句脚只能全平或全仄了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">来看朱熹赠漳州某士子联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">东墙倒,西墙倒,窥见室家之好<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">前巷深,后巷深,不闻车马之音<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">朱熹是宋代理学家,但他的对联很有人情味。此联描绘一个穷读书人,居住条件虽差,但家庭和睦,生活愉快;虽然没有人去拜访他,倒可以安心读书。上联写得有点夸张,但对比强烈。这副对联,大概是最早的用韵联。此联在结构上头两句采用三言句式,类似民谣,可以吟唱,别有一番风味。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">梁章巨题藤花吟馆联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">有客醉,无客睡,福简简,吁可愧<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">长歌粗,短歌疏,诗平平,聊自娱<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联挂在“藤花吟馆”,记录了<span>58</span>岁引疾归里后,在福州的生活和自我评价。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">梁章巨题草堂联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">客来醉,客去睡,老无所事,吁可愧<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">论学粗,论政疏,诗不成家,聊自娱<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联是十年后对藤花吟馆联的修改,悬挂在浦城的“草堂”,时年<span>68</span>岁。将第三个三言句改为四言句,与最后一个三言句可以合成七言读,节奏有了变化。从以上两联可以了解,梁章巨在诗艺和联艺两方面都是下了功夫的。何淡如题广东佛山赛会联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">新相识,旧相识,春宵有约期方值,试问今夕何夕,一样月色灯色,该寻觅<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">这边游,那边游,风景如斯乐未休,况是前头后头,几度茶楼酒楼,尽勾留<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联写出了民间欢乐的元宵节情景,用韵后加强了欢快浪漫的气氛。灯月交辉,游人如织,多么美好的春夜。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联在结构上与众不同,无法纳入规范句式,仅作特例参考。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有一种哀感顽艳的挽联。吴养涵挽胡粹士联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">哥了了无言,潦草文章拼命酒<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">子归归不得,落花风雨葬魂诗 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">上联含义是“老兄无声无息地走了,留下的是潦草文章和我拼命喝酒的悲痛形象”。下联含义是“令郎想回也回不来了,只有让风雨中的落花把您的诗魂埋葬。”此联写得有声有色,唯美唯哀。以“落花风雨”对“潦草文章”非常工丽。“哥了”谐音“吉了”,又名“了哥”,是岭南一种“能言”的鸟,与“了无言”对照; “子归”谐音 “子规”,又名杜鹃,与“归不得”对照。因此,“哥了了无言”和“子归归不得”都是双关语。而且用了叠字,如闻呜咽之声,悲痛之情,溢于言表,堪称挽联精品。在结构上,此联五言句(<span>11100/00011</span>)由(<span>11/00</span>)(<span>100/011</span>)合成,将二言末字与三言首字设计成“叠字”(“哥了,了无言”<span>/</span>“子归,归不得”)是此联对仗艺术最精彩之处。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">小凤仙挽蔡锷联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">万里南天鹏翼,直上扶摇,那堪忧患余生,萍水姻缘成一梦<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(<span>110011</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>001100</span>,<span>1100011</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">几年北地燕支,自悲沦落,赢得英雄知己,桃花颜色亦千秋<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(<span>001100</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>110011</span>,<span>0011100</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此联情文并茂,款款道来,儿女情长而不减英雄本色。后人以为非小凤仙所作,究竟出自何人手笔尚待考证。燕支即燕脂,与鹏翼相对。因缘比姻缘意义更广。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">李调元题北京四川会馆联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">此地可停骖,剪烛西窗,偶话故乡风景,剑阁雄,峨嵋秀,巴江曲,锦水清涟,不尽名山大川,都来眼底<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">入京思献策,扬鞭北道,难望先哲典型,相如赋,太白诗,东坡文,升庵科第,行见佳人才子,又到长安<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">李调元四川绵州(今绵阳)人,字雨村,号墨庄,乾隆进士,官潼商道。李调元来京会试,适逢四川会馆落成,悬奖征联,此联一举夺标。上联话四川山水之雄之秀,下联望四川人文之盛之优。主题鲜明,用词典雅,乡情浓郁,抱负非凡。“偶话”与“难望”的用法,非常得体。是才士工丽之作。“剪烛西窗”用李商隐《巴山寄北》诗:“君问归期未有期,巴山夜雨涨秋池。何当共剪西窗烛,却话巴山夜雨时”。“升庵科第”指明杨慎,字用修,号升庵,年二十四,登正德间廷试第一,故云。此联结构为标准的“马蹄韵”:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">何绍基题岳阳楼联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一楼何奇,杜少陵五言绝唱,范希文两字关情,滕子京百废俱兴,吕纯阳三过必醉,诗耶儒耶,吏耶仙耶,前不见古人,使我怆然涕下<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">诸</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">君试看,洞庭湖南极潇湘,扬子江北通巫峡,巴陵山西来气爽,岳州城东道岩疆,潴者流者,峙者镇者,此中有真意,问谁领会得来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">何绍基(<span>1799-1873</span>),字子贞,号东洲,湖南道州(今道县)人,道光十六年(<span>1836</span>)进士,官编修,博涉群书,书法自成一家。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">上联举诗、儒、吏、仙、四个历史人物,生发感慨;下联就湖、江、山、城、四种不同物体,引出思考。起势奇特,行文跌宕,随心所欲,余味无穷。悠悠历史,浩浩江水,不胜感慨系之。是陈子昂一类人物,豪放之作。“杜少陵五言绝唱”指杜甫《登岳阳楼》“昔闻洞庭水,今上岳阳楼,吴楚东南坼,乾坤日夜浮,亲朋无一字老病有孤舟,戎马关山北,凭轩涕泗流”。 “范希文两字关情”指范仲淹《岳阳楼记》“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”中的“忧”,“乐”两字。滕子京百废俱兴是指王勃《滕王阁序》“滕子京谪守巴陵郡,越明年,政通人和,百废俱兴”。“吕纯阳三过必醉”指吕洞宾,曾三过岳阳楼。唐陈子昂《登幽州台歌》“前不见古人,后不见来者。念天地之悠悠,独怅怆然涕下”。此联结构似不严密而严密,平仄似不注意而注意。第一句是单句,紧接的四个七言句,相当于一个四言模式(<span>0011</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>0011/1100</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>1100</span>),最后四句也是一个相同的四言模式 ,不过略有变化而已。由此可见,有些名士之作,表面上似乎不受格律拘束,实际上还是非常尊重格律的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">郑板桥六十自寿联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">常如作客,何问康宁,但使囊有余钱,瓮有余酿,釜有余粮,取数叶赏心旧纸,放浪吟哦,兴要阔,皮要顽,五官灵动胜千官,过到六旬犹少<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">定欲成仙,空生烦恼,祗令耳无俗声,眼无俗物,胸无俗事,将几枝随意新花,纵横穿插,睡得迟,起得早,一日清闲似两日,算来百岁已多<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联虽称“六十自寿”,实系述怀咏志。写得洒脱有致,既有养生之道,又有乐生之情。联如其人,显示了郑板桥的个人风格。<span style="color:blue;"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">(补充内容)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">昆明大观楼长联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">昆明大观楼长联是楹联史上令人瞩目的里程碑。它标志着:楹联足以与诗词曲赋骈文并驾齐驱,争妍媲美。联曰:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">五百里滇池奔来眼底披襟岸帻喜茫茫空阔无边看东骧神骏西翥灵仪北走蜿蜒南翔缟素高人韵士何妨选胜登临趁蟹屿螺洲梳裹就风鬟雾鬓更苹天苇地点缀些翠羽丹霞莫孤负四围香稻万顷晴沙九夏芙蓉三春杨柳<span><br /> </span>数千年往事注到心头把酒凌虚叹滚滚英雄谁在想汉习楼船唐标铁柱宋挥玉斧元跨革囊伟烈丰功费尽移山心力尽珠帘画栋卷不及暮雨朝云便断碣残碑都付与苍烟落照只赢得几杵疏钟半江渔火两行秋雁一枕清霜<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">大观楼长联在楹联史上的地位,不在于“长”,而在于创造了楹联结构的完美典型。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">其特点是:以四言模式为基础,通过在不同位置添加不同数量领、衬字的方法,构建了三组不同形式的同边自对。对仗工丽多姿,声调荡气回肠。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">全联共<span>180</span>字,<span>36</span>句;每边<span>90 </span>字,<span>18</span>句(领、衬字与所在句合为一句)。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">其结构可按 “起、承、转、合” 分为<span>4</span>群</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">。每群<span>4</span>句或<span>6</span>句,相当于一个或一个半四言模式。我们把(<span>0011</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>0011/1100</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>1100</span>)称为四言模式;把四言模式的反向(<span>1100</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>1100/0011</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>0011</span>)称为反向四言模式,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">把每群最后一句句脚称为“群脚”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">。现各群结构分述如下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">第一群“起”:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">五百里滇池,奔来眼底,披襟岸帻,喜茫茫空阔无边<span><br /> </span>数千年往事,注到心头,把酒凌虚,叹滚滚英雄谁在<span><br /> </span>  <span>1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 - 0 0 1 1 0 0<br /> </span>  <span>0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 - 1 1 0 0 1 1</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联描绘滇池景色,一望无际;下联追忆云南历史,百感交集。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此群第一句用五言句式。五言句式是四言句式的扩展,并与第三、第四两个四言句式自然相接。第四句是加一字领的六言句式。六言句式也是四言句式的扩展。如果将扩展部分忽略不计,其结构是一组反向四言模式:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>1100</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>1100/0011</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>0011</span>)<span><br /> </span>句脚(<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>0/1</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>),群脚(<span>0/1</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">第二群“承”:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">看东骧神骏,西翥灵仪,北走蜿蜒,南翔缟素,高人韵士,何妨选胜登临<span><br /> </span>想汉习楼船,唐标铁柱,宋挥玉斧,元跨革囊,伟烈丰功,费尽移山心力<span><br /> - 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0<br /> - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联眺望四周远山,浮想联翩,乘兴将视线转向下面要重点描绘的滇池风光。下联借四个朝代的典故作出“伟烈丰功,总归一空”的议论,为下面艺术渲染定下基调。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此群前四句结构是加一字领的四言模式:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>0011</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>0011/1100</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>1100</span>)<span><br /> </span>句脚(<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>1/0</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">此群后两句是四六句式,由于六言句是四言句的扩展,其结构是四言模式的前半部:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>0011</span>,<span>1100/1100</span>,<span>0011</span>)<span><br /> </span>句脚(<span>1</span>,<span>0/0</span>,<span>1</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">这两句不仅在文意上发挥了承上启下的作用,而且在声律上改变了“群脚”的平仄,使原来群脚是(<span>1/0</span>),增加两句后,群脚成为(<span>0/1</span>)。<span><br /> </span>  第三群“转”:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">趁蟹屿螺洲,梳裹就风鬟雾鬓,更苹天苇地,点缀些翠羽丹霞<span><br /> </span>尽珠帘画栋,卷不及暮雨朝云,便断碣残碑,都付与苍烟落照<span><br /> - 1 1 0 0 - - - 0 0 1 1 - 0 0 1 1 - - - 1 1 0 0<br /> - 0 0 1 1 - - - 1 1 0 0 - 1 1 0 0 - - - 0 0 1 1</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联将滇池无限风光简约化,蟹屿螺洲,苹天苇地,形象生动。下联将历代兴亡哲理艺术化,珠帘画栋,断碣残碑,对比强烈。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如果将领、衬字忽略不计,此群在结构上仍然是一组反相四言模式<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>1100</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>1100/0011</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>0011</span>)<span><br /> </span>句脚(<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>0/1</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>),群脚(<span>0/1</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">第四组“合”:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">莫孤负四围香稻,万顷晴沙,九夏芙蓉,三春杨柳<span><br /> </span>只赢得几杵疏钟,半江渔火,两行秋雁,一枕清霜<span><br /> - - - 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1<br /> - - - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联从稻香触发,联想滇池四时美景,艳若骄阳。下联从疏钟惊醒,返回现实人生,净如秋水。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">如果将三字领忽略不计,此群结构是一组四言模式<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">(<span>0011</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>1100</span>,<span>0011/1100</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>0011</span>,<span>1100</span>)<span><br /> </span>句脚(<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>1/0</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>)群脚(<span>1/0</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">全联结构如下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 - 0 0 1 1 0 0<br /> 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 - 1 1 0 0 1 1</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">- 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0<br /> - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">- 1 1 0 0 - - - 0 0 1 1 - 0 0 1 1 - - - 1 1 0 0<br /> - 0 0 1 1 - - - 1 1 0 0 - 1 1 0 0 - - - 0 0 1 1</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">- - - 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1<br /> - - - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">上联句脚(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">0</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">,<span>1</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#993300;">0</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#993300;">0</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#993300;">0</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#993300;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">)<span><br /> </span>  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#993300;">上联群脚为(<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>)(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">前两句不入群</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#993300;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">下联句脚(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">,<span>0</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">,<span>0</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">0</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">)<span><br /> </span>  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#993300;">下联群脚为(<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>)(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">前两句不入群</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:#993300;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">孙髯昆明大观楼长联,以空间与时间为两条主线,使自然景色,历史沧桑,与艺术心灵,融为一体。令人百读不厌,余味无穷,历久弥新,叹为观止。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">大观楼长联为最佳对联结构提供了经典模式。因为四言模式包含“句式生成基础”和“句式连接方式”这两个互相联系的结构因素。就句式生成基础而言,四言句式逐字向前扩展,可生成五言、六言、七言句式。就句式连接方式而言,从四言模式最后一句开始,逐句向前增长,其句脚是每边四句和四句以下一切对联句脚安排的最佳选择。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">对于每边五句或五句以上的对联,当然可以按四言模式循环反复的方式,亦即按“马蹄韵”规则安排句脚。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">但是,当四言模式成为长联分群的基本单位时,“群脚”(即每群最后一句的句脚)又成为全联声律的关键。大观楼长联的群脚(<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>0</span>,<span>1/1</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>1</span>,<span>0</span>),不是偶合,而是声律的需要。亦即上联 “群脚”除最后一个是仄(<span>1</span>)以外,其余都是平(<span>0</span>);下联 “群脚”除最后一个是平(<span>0</span>)以外,其余都是仄(<span>1</span>)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">练习<span>14&nbsp; </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">试分析入门篇序言思考题列出的<span>5</span>副对联的格调与风格。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">用“窗<span>/</span>夜”为题,以凤顶、燕颔、鸢肩、蜂腰、鹤膝、凫胫、雁足这七种格式,写诗钟“正格”联各一副。(至少任意完成<span>3</span>幅)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">试分析入门篇序言思考题列出的<span>5</span>副对联的平仄谱与句脚谱(用<span>01</span>谱表示。说明:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">①<span>. </span>先列平仄谱,再给出句脚和群脚谱;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">②<span>. </span>由于这是放在入门篇前的例句,因此有不合联律的要自己进行解释。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">诗钟与对联;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">一般通称的对联,是指即景即事以简短对偶句的形式,写出所感所思的一种文体。对偶句以对立统一的方式表现,易使人产生活泼的联想,能生动而深刻地表现主旨。和任何其它文体一样,传情达意是目的,对偶是形式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">进行工对对联练习(或竞赛),习称“诗钟”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">诗钟通常只作七言对。句式、词性、平仄、结构的对仗,完全按照七言律诗<span>(</span>颔联、颈联<span>)</span>对偶句的要求。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">因为嵌字体诗钟,原就是过去私塾先生出嵌字题,让学生练写七言对偶句的一种方法<span>(</span>早期也练写五言句<span>)</span>,故而延续下来。后来作为练笔竞作,也称为折枝,成为文人的一种文字游戏。因为竞作、评比时,是计时限时的,故被称为“诗钟”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">诗钟的目的是以提高对联写作水平,也是寓教于乐的一种方式。一般认为,为了提高对偶修辞技巧,进行一些高难度,大数量的训练,是必要的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">诗钟的佳作自然也是对联的佳作。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">举个例子。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">嵌字体诗钟题目,如要求限嵌“窗、夜”于上、下句第一字位置(鹤顶格)。林则徐曾有作:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">窗虚权借月栖榻<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">夜静猛闻风打门<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">“窗”“夜”不好直接用来相对,组成“窗虚”“夜静”两个写环境的词,就工了。根据题字组成的词在诗钟写作中称为“眼字”。这一对眼字都是陈述式结构的合成词,上下句的谓语都是连动式,于是成为一联工对。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">七言律句的对联有一些联格,都与诗钟的钟格一致。用两个字平列嵌于上下句第一字到第七字,分别称为凤顶、燕颔、鸢肩、蜂腰、鹤膝、凫胫、雁足。这七种格式在诗钟写作中最为常用,被称为“正格”。另外还有把两个字错开嵌在上下联中不同位置,或嵌更多字的。随字数和嵌用的位置不同,有蝉联、魁斗、鼎峙、鸿爪、碎联等格名,常用的不超过十种。这些在诗钟中称为别格。(前面已述)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联和诗钟的格名虽然一致,但一般要予以区别。按钟(时)聚出的题目,写出的是诗钟作品,自己出题自作的,包括为了更明确地切题而嵌字的,都是对联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">林则徐有“自题”一联<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">苟利国家生死以<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">岂因祸福避趋之<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">就是自己写的对联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">自己拟的对联不能说是诗钟。因为诗钟是限题、限时写作的,难度比较大。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">因此,诗钟和对联的主要区别在于对仗的宽严。对联、诗钟当然都以能写出恰好表现内容的工对为好。一般地说,对联的格律要求较为宽松。如上海半淞园的楹联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">剪取吴淞半江水<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">聊寄江南一枝春<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">上联用杜甫诗句,下联用陆凯的诗意对成,恰好写出“半淞”的韵味。音律、词性都不对,是允许的。说是诗钟,就不对了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">诗钟也在文字游戏中用作竞赛,因此要经得起评比。特别要求对仗工整。因为这是练笔活动,应当训练从严。真到实用写联时,应首重意蕴,不只求工整。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">分咏体是诗钟的另一大类,以上下联分别咏出毫不相干的两个事物,格律与嵌字体相同。如张之洞所作分咏联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">阴阳舒卷长绳里,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">欧亚纵横乱纸中。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">这种出题方法来自酒令。这是中国文学中一种奇特的体式。前人诗句的对偶联中,也有把不相干的事物以丰富的联想巧妙捏合成一联的佳句。如清同治何淡如,为燃放焰火鞭炮的亭子所写的趣联<span>:</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">四面花果然好样<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一肚草格外大声<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">如果用于“焰火亭·牛皮大王”分咏,就是切题的佳作。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">有人说分咏体诗钟就是无情对,其实二者旨趣不同。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">分咏体和无情对都是夸大对偶修辞技巧的,利用汉字的特点,寻求雅趣。对偶的上下句之间要有关连,而关连又不能太紧。如果形成近乎同义的词和句相对,就犯了“合掌”的忌讳。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">无情对是把这一规则推向一个极端,写出两句句式一致,字词逐一相对,句意却毫不相干的对联,甚至让人觉得有可笑之处。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">分咏体是按题目写作,在两句中分别咏出不相干的事物,却要求不但字面要逐一相对,还要求从某一点上把两件事物关连起来。分咏体的佳作很多,读起来有无情对趣味的很少。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">雪荡风中风荡雪,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">山围水外水围山。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">无情对读起来不象分咏体作品,因为它整联没有意义,上下两句也不切什么题目。二者都是在欣赏我们语言文字的修辞技巧的优势,深入玩味,自我陶醉,而侧重点不同,旨趣有异。如典型的无情对:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">古井<span>/</span>天书。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">蓝月<span>/</span>紫薇。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">清江山拜月<span>/</span>古舍鬼惊人。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">点将台高星让月<span>/</span>托儿所小舅输姨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">写诗钟,不论分咏体或嵌字体都有活跃文思的效果。但是在对仗上过于求工整,也能使人在写作中偏重于适应格律,以至在文义的发挥方面,受拘束,放不开。对于现代的写格律诗和作对联的人来说,我们自幼所受的语文教育,缺少对偶这一课,用诗钟补这一课是个好方法。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">传统的启蒙学习是很重视对联训练的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
2016-12-07 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">第<span>14</span>课次<span>&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">&nbsp;&nbsp;3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">、<span>4</span>、<span>5 </span>三段</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">第<span>14</span>课前言:这一课的内容,先只要了解一个大概,有些内容可待学完后面近体诗、词曲赋之后,回过头来再补充学习。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:red;">3.&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对联的文学美;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联的文学美有几个方面,分别叙述如下。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">一、对联的节奏美</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对联和古体诗词一样,因平仄相谐,诵读起来就有阴阳顿挫的节奏美。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">值得说明的是,过去的诗、文、对联都是可以唱诵的。虽然唱诵谱调有一定的随意性,却以各地的方言为依据,有一定的板式。其节奏美就寓于这种音乐感很强的板式之中。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联的节奏美主要表现在句中词和词组音节的划分上。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">五言句多为四拍,句法上为上二下三。节奏为<span>221</span>;或<span>212 </span>(<span>1112</span>)。如王维的:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">明月<span>/</span>松间<span>/</span>照,清泉<span>/</span>石上<span>/</span>流。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">竹<span>/</span>喧<span>/</span>归<span>/</span>浣女,莲<span>/</span>动<span>/</span>下<span>/</span>渔舟。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">七言句多为五拍,句法为上四下三。节奏为<span>2212</span>;或<span>2221 </span>。也有上三下四的:<span>34</span>(<span>322</span>;或<span>1222</span>)。但不管句法如何,其顿数则都须一致。如李白的:<span><br /> </span><span style="color:fuchsia;">吴宫<span>/</span>花草<span>/</span>埋<span>/</span>幽径<span><br /> </span>晋代<span>/</span>衣冠<span>/</span>成<span>/</span>古丘<span><br /> </span></span>杜甫的:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">五更<span>/</span>鼓角<span>/</span>声<span>/</span>悲壮<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">三峡<span>/</span>星河<span>/</span>影<span>/</span>动摇<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">均齐美的产生来自人们对大自然的感悟。比如花叶的搭配,花瓣的排列,天籁的声音等。大自然有自己独有的自然属性、内在规律,我们的古人将自然之美与艺术之美融成一体,使中国的古老文化达到一种全新、永恒、贯通的境界。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">在音乐中,乐谱强弱、长短有规律地交替出现的现象称为节奏。在对联中,同句的平仄交替,上下的平仄相拗,形成明显的强弱、长短、高低、缓急的音步,似音乐中的旋律,我们也称其为节奏。对联上下联的节奏,应当是一致的,通常对联是以两个字或一个字作为音节,煞尾的字可以是一个字或者一个词。这是对联的一般节奏。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">说到节奏,便涉及到炼字的问题:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">一般四言和五言联,第三个字要选择特别响亮有力的字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">六言和七言联、八言联要注意第三、第五个字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">九言联要注意第四、第六个字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">十言联则以第四、第五、第七、第八字为重要。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">下面我们对<span>1</span>、<span>2</span>、<span>3</span>、<span>4</span>、<span>5</span>、<span>6</span>、<span>7</span>字联的节奏进行简略说明。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一言联:单节奏;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">二言联:单节奏、<span>2</span>节奏;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">三言联有:单节奏、<span>21</span>、<span>12</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">四言联有:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">单节奏、<span>22</span>、<span>31</span>、<span>13</span>等;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">五言联有:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">122</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">、<span>212</span>、<span>23</span>、<span>32</span>、<span>14</span>、<span>41</span>等;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">六言联有:<span>123</span>、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">222</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">、<span>33</span>、<span>24</span>、<span>42</span>等;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">七言联有:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">34</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">、<span>43</span>、<span>25</span>、<span>223</span>、<span>2212</span>、<span>2221</span>等;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">八言联一般由<span>44</span>、<span>26</span>、<span>35</span>、<span>17</span>言联组成;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">九言联由<span>45</span>、<span>36</span>、<span>54</span>、<span>27</span>、<span>18</span>言联组成;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">十言联以上的联句,由三、四、五、六、七言的节奏,加以合并而成。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">如海瑞自题的四字联<span>(13</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">干/国家事<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">读/圣人书<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">周恩来赠王朴山四言联<span>(22</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">浮舟/沧海<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">立马/昆仑<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">山西岳祠五言联<span>(23</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">文章/千古事<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">社稷/一戎衣<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">佚人作自策联<span>(14</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">养/浩然正气<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">极/风云壮观 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">傅山自题联<span>(222</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">竹雨/松风/琴韵<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">茶烟/梧月/书声</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">郑成功自题六言联<span>(24</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">养心/莫善寡欲<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">至乐/无如读书<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">清翁方纲赠谨庭六言联<span>(123</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">结/幽兰<span>/</span>以延伫<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">抚/孤松<span>/</span>而盘桓<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">湖北古隆中七言联<span>(43</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">三顾频烦/天下计<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一番晤对/古今情<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">清梁同书赠友七言联<span>(25</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">闲为/水竹云山主<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.0pt;text-indent:.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">静得/风花雪月权<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">清林则徐自题七言联<span>(34</span>式<span>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">不要钱/原非易事<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">太要好/也是私心<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">以上我们说的是对联的一般节奏。可以看出,上下联的节奏是完全一致的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">下面我们谈谈对联的特殊节奏,节奏不一致的情况。 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">来看诸葛亮武侯祠联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">心在朝庭,原无论先主后主<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">名高天下,何必辨襄阳洛阳<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">如按上述的节奏划分,后半句不管如何断句,都不妥。正确的方法应为:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">心在/朝庭,原/无论/先主后主;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">名高/天下,何必/辨/襄阳洛阳。<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">可见此联的语言节奏和语义节奏是不相同的。如按常规分法,势必割裂词语,导致无法理解联意。这种对联属于特殊结构。对联的音节一般是两字为一顿,它和作为意思单位的词语有时不一致。在这种情况下,不能采取割裂词语来迁就章节的削足适履的做法,而应保持每联词语意思的完整,按词义单位划分节奏。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">另外,在读联时要注意联句的内在节奏,轻重缓急。要处理得法,不要随心所欲地在联句中添“啊、呀”的语气词,只需在需要停顿之处,适当地延长一些就行了,这就是处理“缓急”的道理。在撰联炼字上,要注意选用鲜明恰当,高雅清新,平仄协调,读音响亮的字。能用实词的尽量用实词,虚词尽量少用或不用。音匀意丰,以少胜多,才会创作出好的作品。 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">讲究对联的节奏,还应避免“三同尾”。例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">琴瑟调和尽乐事<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">亲朋团聚齐欢心 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">上联三仄尾、下联三平尾。读起来就缺乏抑扬起伏的节奏了。这就是按音律节奏忌三平尾、三仄尾的原因。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">总之,对联中的失替<span>(</span>相邻音步末字平仄不交替<span>)</span>、失对<span>(</span>相对音步末字平仄不相拗<span>)</span>、同声收尾、三同脚等都属于影响对联节奏美的平仄失调现象。我们在撰写对联时,要注意尽力避之的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">二、对联的格调</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">美<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联的格调,直接影响到作品的品次,作者使用哪种格调,第一取决于题材,第二是作者的情性。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有人偏重短联,重在一气呵成;有人喜用长句,意在缠绵反恻;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有人喜好宛转,巧于花心悟语;有人倾于豪放,旨在铁琶高歌,不一而足。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">其实作品即是格调、艺术特色的综合表现,它包括作品的格律声调、作者风格、作品体裁等诸多因素。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有诗曰:“<span style="color:red;">直缘多艺用心劳,心能玲珑格调高</span>。”陈家铨先生在其《谐联集萃》序中谈到,要“谐不伤雅,既雅且谐,格调才算高尚”。此言不虚。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">从体裁的角度来看,对联的格调大致可分为以下十种:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.律诗格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">最初,对联多以五、七言为多,它是对联格调的主流,这种诗歌式的对联,现在仍占大多数。如苏小妹联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">轻风扶细柳<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">淡月失梅花<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">杭州藕香居茶室联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">欲把西湖比西子<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">从来佳茗似佳人<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.词格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">到了宋朝,宋词逐渐兴盛,同时也丰富了对联艺术。于是便出现了词格调的对联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">词别称长短句,词格者即联句长短参差不一,有的音律也近于词曲,这种体式分明是受了宋词、元曲之影响。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">如南京徐达的故居联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">大江东去,浪淘尽千古英雄,问楼外青山、山外白云,何处是唐宫汉阙<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">小院春回,莺唤起一庭佳丽,看池边绿树、树边红雨,此间有舜日尧天<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">再如顾复初题成都濯景楼联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">引袖拂寒星,古意苍茫,看四望云山,青来剑外<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">停琴伫凉月,予怀浩渺,送一篙春水,绿到江南<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.民歌格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有的对联很像民歌,语言通俗朴素,形式生动活泼,很有民歌情调。来看解缙所写一联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">金水河边金线柳,金线柳穿金鱼口<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">玉栏杆外玉簪花,玉簪花插玉人头<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.散文格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有的对联却像一段信笔而成的散文,其语式随便,如娓娓而谈。以文入联,有人说自曾国藩始。来看清末文人俞樾的自挽联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">生无补乎时,死无关乎数,辛苦苦着二百五十卷书,流传人间,是亦足矣<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">仰不愧于天,俯不怍于人,浩荡荡历半生三十年事,放怀一笑,吾其归乎<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">再如秋瑾墓联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">悲哉,秋之为气<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">惨矣,瑾其可怀<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">情调特似古代散文。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">5</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.戏文格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有的联从表情断句、叠词上看,很有戏文的味道。例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">想当年那段情由,未必如此<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">看今日这般光景,或者有之<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">再如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">莺莺燕燕,翠翠绿绿,处处融融洽洽<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">风风雨雨,花花草草,年年暮暮朝朝<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">6</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.曲格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">曲的格调表现在语言质朴自然,新鲜泼辣,形象生动、诙谐。此类对联具有文而不文,俗而不俗的风格。例如棺材铺联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">这买卖稀奇,人人怕照顾我,要照顾我<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">那东西古怪,个个见不得它,离不得它<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">再如诙谐联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一大乔、二小乔,三寸金莲四寸腰,五匣六盒七彩粉,八分九分十倍娇<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">十九月、八分圆,七个进士六个还,五更四鼓三声响,二乔大乔一人占<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">7</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">.成语格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有的对联为成语嵌成。如林则徐撰联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">海纳百川,有容乃大<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">壁立千仞,无欲则刚<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">8</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.绕口格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有的联很像绕口令。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">屋北鹿独宿<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">溪西鸡齐啼<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">再如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">烟沿檐<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">湮燕眼<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">9</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.谜面格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有的像一则谜面。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">白蛇过江,头顶一轮红日<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">青龙挂壁,身披万点金星<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">上联喻油灯,下联喻秤。再如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">四壁图书三尺剑<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">半肩行李一张琴<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">联中藏“张三”、 “李四”四个字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">10</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:purple;">.骈文格调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">用骈体写成的文章称为骈文,骈文讲究词句整齐、对偶、声韵和谐,辞藻华美。汉、南北朝后,骈文风行,它后来影响了中国几千年的文学史,对联同样受其影响。骈文格调的对联在清代的长联中得到了淋漓尽致的发挥。这种格调在清代以前出现得并不多,清末民国初期,对联越写越长,从此,骈文格调便有了充分发挥的余地。如李联芬写的武汉黄鹤楼联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">数千年胜迹,旷世传来,看风凰孤岫,鹦鹉芳洲,黄鹄渔矶,晴川杰阁,好个春花秋月,只落得剩山残水,极目今古愁,是何时崔颢题诗,青莲搁笔 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一万里长江,几人淘尽?望汉口斜阳,洞庭远涨,潇湘夜雨,云梦朝霞,许多酒兴风情,仅留下苍烟晚照,放怀天地窄,都付与笛声缥缈,鹤影蹁跹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">此联不仅用了大量的骈名,如“凤凰孤岫,鹦鹉芳洲,黄鹤渔矶,晴川杰阁”,“汉口夕阳,洞庭远涨,潇湘夜雨,云梦朝霞”等等,把人带入旷远、舒展的诗情画意之中,而且用词典雅、清丽、极富文采,边叙边议,挟眼前景物、历史风云铺成一幅壮美的画卷,文辞激扬,如栏外涛声,从远而近,不绝于耳。<span><br /> <br /> <span style="color:blue;"></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">三、对联的风格美 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联的风格丰富多样,大致可归纳为典雅、清新、豪放、婉约等。这些不同的风格是由作者内在的“情性”,天生的“才”“气”和后天的“学”“习”的不同而形成的。各种风格虽各有不同的特点,但有规律可寻。不过就一位作者而言,它还是有一种主要的风格的。有人提倡“因性以练才”,此说有一定的道理。这里仅就对联的语言风格简要举例说明。<span><br /> 1</span>.浓艳富丽<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">以重彩之笔抒发情趣。如武昌东湖可竹轩联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">皓月凝辉,竹影婆娑留画意<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">明湖摇翠,浆声</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:fuchsia;">欸</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">乃壮诗情<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">.清新俊爽<span>&nbsp; </span>请看睡仙亭联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">黄鹤从何处归来,江汉双流,玉笛梅花吹不落<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">仙人是哪年睡起,春婆一梦,晨钟暮鼓唤难醒<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">.含蓄婉约<span>&nbsp; </span>请看北京颐和园月波楼联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一径竹荫云满地<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">半帘花影月笼纱<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">.磅薄豪放<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">老骥追风抒壮志<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">雄鹰展翅入青云<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">对联作品格调的高低,并不取决于风格,不能说豪放格调比婉约高。作品格调的高低是由作品的思想性、艺术性决定的,只有作者具有高尚的思想和高度的艺术概括能力,方能写出格调较高的作品来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-29 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:red;">15. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">第二章进阶篇自我测验<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><i><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">(注:按惯例默认古音,如今音须注明。)<span></span></span></i></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">一、自由应对 (<span>5*4=20</span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:浪卷船行柳岸人<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:听风静夜,幽窗浅唱萧萧竹<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:春歌旧梦言心事<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:千娇百媚枫林醉,夕阳含笑<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">二、按要求完成(<span>5*4=20</span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">用如下格律拟制五言联一副,要求含有入声字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">#0 011</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">*1 100</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">、用如下格律拟制七言联一副,要求含有入声字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">#0 *1 001</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">*1 00 110</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">、指出如下对联有何问题,修改正确。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">茫茫</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">霧</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">海重重白<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">隐隐竹峰点点青<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">、指出如下对联有何问题,修改正确。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">沙丘鹤舞,芳汀柳岛云烟处<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">东海鹰飞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">浪引货船雾雨中<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">三、 对下列两个复句,先标断分句,然后标注平仄(<span>0</span>、<span>1</span>)谱和句脚,指出是正格还是变格。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">(<span>5*2=10</span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1.</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">江水滔滔洗尽千秋人物看闲云野鹤万念俱空说什么晋代衣冠吴宫花草<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">天风浩浩吹开大地尘氛倚片石危栏一关独闭更何须故人禄米邻舍园蔬<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2.</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">数千年胜迹旷世传来看风凰孤岫鹦鹉芳洲黄鹄渔矶晴川杰阁好个春花秋月只落得剩山残水极目今古愁是何时崔颢题诗青莲搁笔<span> <br /> </span>一万里长江几人淘尽望汉口斜阳洞庭远涨潇湘夜雨云梦朝霞许多酒兴风情仅留下苍烟晚照放怀天地窄都付与笛声缥缈鹤影蹁跹<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">四、对出下联。用<span>0</span>、<span>1</span>谱标出上下联的格式。指出是正格还是变格格式,并在括弧内标出两联的分句句脚平仄。(<span>5*4=20</span>分)</span></b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:莫愁湖面春山皱<span>&nbsp; </span>(要求地名对“莫愁湖”)<span><br /> 2. </span>出句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">云牵月走月牵云,夜深人静;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:欢快流云,信步闲听春梦曲<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:秋叶动春心,红妆羞启枫思嫁<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">五、以下列镶嵌联的常见形式任选四种形式创作成联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">●鹤顶格、●燕颔格、●鸢肩格、●蜂腰格、●鹤膝格、●凫胫格、●雁足格<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">嵌入的主题词下列任选其一,但所制四幅对联必须用同一组主题词:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">国<span>/</span>人;前<span>/</span>后;难<span>/</span>易;情<span>/</span>色;粉<span>/</span>红;心<span>/</span>口;(<span>5*4=20 </span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">六、玻璃对。(<span>5*2=10</span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">试对玻璃对:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:南川北谷春来早<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">自设景物,拟制七言玻璃对一副。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(得<span>65</span>分算进阶篇过关)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">进阶篇结束</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-28 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">第<span>11</span>课次<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10</span>、<span>11</span>两段</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">10. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">复句</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">的组群格式<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">(<span>1</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">在第<span>8</span>节讲复句正格时,只说从平仄杆上顺次截取,也没有规定截取句数和每句字数。这样的话,就有可能由于句脚失去规律,使复句诵读时失去韵律美。若考虑第<span>9</span>节变格的情况,这种问题将更加突出。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">因此,人们推荐的联谱,规定了句脚的变化不能随意。也就是说,句脚连起来形成的平仄律,也必须是符合平仄杆的要求。例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>100</span>,<span>110011 </span>(<span>101</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>011</span>,<span>001100&nbsp; </span>(<span>010</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">就是一种变格组合,并不符合最佳结构。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">具体来说,句脚的平仄律如下:(斜线“<span>/</span>”前为上联句脚,后为下联句脚)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">单字句:<span>1/0<br /> </span>二字句:<span>01/10</span>;<span>11/00<br /> </span>三字句:<span>001/110</span>;<span>011/100<br /> </span>四字句:<span>1001/0110</span>;<span>0011/1100<br /> </span>五字句:<span>11001/00110</span>;<span>10011/01100<br /> </span>六字句:<span>011001/100110</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110011/001100<br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">七字句:<span>0011001/1100110</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0110011/1001100<br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">八字句:<span>10011001/01100110</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">00110011/11001100<br /> &nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(以上,仍然可以按照“<span>135</span>机动”的原则进行变格。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">八字句以上依此类推。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">凡是句脚变化规律符合上述谱式的,是为正格。但也有因意境组句需要,不符合上述规律的为变格,也是允许的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">不过佳对一般都追求正格。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有人把单句、复句的平仄律及复句句脚排列谱式的组合叫做“联谱”。联界也有人不主张称“联谱”,而只需掌握这些排列规律即可。意思并不矛盾。<span><br /> <br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">(<span>2</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">由于复句的句数和每句字数,原则上不受限制,则其组合就可以有无数多种形式。既使是从平仄杆上截取,也可有很多方式。讲究音律美的联律,推荐的复句最佳结构要符合两个原则:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:71.95pt;text-indent:-36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">复句串接的排列,依次服从平仄杆的要求;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:71.95pt;text-indent:-36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">句脚亦服从平仄杆的规律。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有了这两个限制,那么复句的最佳结构,事实上也就不能是完全任意的了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">我们还是举例说明。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如要设计一个末句是五言句的复句,单说上联,只有两种形式:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">11001</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">10011</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上句取<span>11001</span>时,若一共两句,前一句是三言句,必是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">100 11001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,句脚<span>01</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果再扩为三句,再前一句无论几字句句脚为<span>1</span>落,句脚都会是<span>101</span>,就不是最佳了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若前一句是四言句,二句是<span>1100 11001</span>,句脚<span>01</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果再扩为三句,再前一句无论几字句句脚为<span>0</span>落,句脚<span>001</span>,就是最佳。再扩为四句<span>1</span>落亦可。可见,上句<span>11001</span>的末句,其末前句宜偶数字句。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上句为<span>10011</span>时,两句时,末前句是三言句,是<span>001 10011</span>,句脚<span>11</span>;如果再扩为三句,再前一句无论几字句句脚为<span>1</span>落,句脚都会<span>111</span>,就不是最佳。前一句是二言、六言,却可以扩为三句以上。情形略有不同,可自己去排列。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">末句是七言句的末句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011001</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0110011</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上句取<span>0011001</span>时,若一共两句,前一句是三言句,必是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">011 0011001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,句脚<span>11</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果再扩为三句,再前一句无论几字句句脚为<span>0</span>落,句脚都是<span>011</span>,是最佳。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若前一句是四言句,是<span>0011 0011001</span>,句脚<span>11</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果再扩为三句,再前一句无论几字句句脚为<span>1</span>落,句脚<span>111</span>,就不是最佳了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上句取<span>0110011</span>时,若一共两句,前一句是三言句,必是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110 0110011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,句脚<span>01</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果再扩为三句,再前一句无论几字句句脚为<span>0</span>落,句脚都是<span>001</span>,是最佳。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若前一句是四言句,是<span>0110 0110011</span>,句脚<span>01</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果再扩为三句,再前一句无论几字句句脚为<span>0</span>落,句脚也是<span>001</span>。前一句是二言句时,就不能扩为三句式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">同理,容易扩展到末句是其他字数的复句最佳结构的组合形式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">可见,复句组合的最佳形式,并不是随意句数随意字数都能组成的。推荐的句脚最佳形式是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">每边一句:<span>1/ 0 </span>;<span><br /> </span>每边二句:<span>01/10 </span>;<span>11/00 </span>;<span><br /> </span>每边三句:<span>001/110 </span>;<span>011/100 </span>;<span><br /> </span>每边四句:<span>1001/0110 </span>;<span>0011/1100 </span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">每边五句:<span>11001/00110 </span>;<span>10011/01100 </span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">依此类推。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">第<span>8</span>课次<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>第二章 第<span>1</span>、<span>2</span>、<span>3</span>三段<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:42.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">第二章:对联进阶篇<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;color:red;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">前言;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">我们在入门篇的第一章里已经学习了以普通话为发音依据的今音五言、七言律句式对联的基本格式,正格和变格。这是进一步进行进阶篇学习的基础。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">进阶篇学习的主要内容是:古音平仄识别,入声字;五七言之外其它杂言联格律;复句句式;镶嵌;玻璃对;等。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;color:red;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">为什么要学习古音读法;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">中国的对联(习称楹联)文化,和古诗词一样,是传统的国粹。有千年以上的文化积淀。今天我们学习联律,首先就要继承传统,然后发扬光大。要继承就得了解古人读音与今人读音的主要区别,才能真正欣赏古典作品的韵味,欣赏它们的音韵美。掌握并尽可能适应它,才能真正领略这一国宝的魅力。学习古音古韵,是学习古典知识的必经之路。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">当然,学习古音读法,会给只习惯于普通话的当代人带来一些麻烦。但要相信,经过一段时间的学习和适应,是并不难掌握的!<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">诚然,随着时代的变迁,我们的这一国粹,肯定会朝改革的方向发展。作为目前这一过渡阶段的过渡措施,中华诗词协会,以及楹联界达成的共识是实行双轨制。即以平水韵为基础的古音古韵,与以普通话为基础的今音新韵双轨并行。在诗词、曲赋、对联的创作、评比中都是这样推行,不歧视也不强行要求某一种音韵模式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">但是,按照现在通行的惯例,因为多数人已经习惯了继承古韵,就以古音沿用为基准,不作任何标注。而采用今音新韵的,需要加注“今音”,以示区别。但在同一部作品中是不允许今音、古音混用的。这一点,入门篇已经说明,这里再一次强调。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">学习古音区分平仄,不但是对联学习的必要,也是进一步学习诗词的基础。这里熟悉了古声平仄区分,写绝句、律诗时,就无需另起炉灶再从头学习了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有一点需要预先说明,下面的叙述须先从古声辨别的基本知识说起。但到后来,你会发现<span style="color:fuchsia;">采用古音和今音的区别,不过就是记忆“入声字表”!</span>事实上,这也就变得非常简单的了。大家不必有畏难情绪。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">古音四声简要介绍<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">声调,是汉语的主要特点之一。语音的高低、升降、长短,构成了汉语的声调。而高低、升降则是主要的因素。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">为了对比,我们复习一下第一章学过的今音。现今普通话的声调,共有四个声调:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">阴平声——是一个高平调 (不升不降叫平);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">阳平声——是一个中升调 (不高不低叫中);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上声——是一个低升调(有时是低平调);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">去声——是一个高降调。 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  <span style="color:maroon;">(阴平、阳平定为平声;上声、去声定为仄声。)</span><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古代汉语读声,不同的历史时期语音是有变迁的。我们这里学习的是唐代开始的“中古音系”(还有“更古音系”、“近古音系”(即中原音系),不予细说。有兴趣了解的可去网上搜),即平水韵四声辨析。其中也有四个声调,但是和今音普通话的声调种类不同。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">中古音,汉字的读声比现在复杂,其四声规定是: <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>1</span>)平声——<span style="color:purple;">此声调到近代分化为“阴平”和“阳平”。 <span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>2</span>)上声——<span style="color:purple;">此声调到近代有一部分变为去声。</span> <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>3</span>)去声——<span style="color:purple;">此声调在近代仍是去声。 <span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>4</span>)入声——<span style="color:purple;">此声调是一个短促的急降调子,近现代的普通话中已经消失。</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古代的平声单指上面第(<span>1</span>)种,后来分化为阴平、阳平两种声调。仄声即是“不平”,包括第(<span>2</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>3</span>)、(<span>4</span>)三种情形。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第(<span>1</span>)、(<span>2</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>3</span>)种情形的发声特点与现代普通话读音大体相当,不同的只是第(<span>4</span>)种情形,即入声的读法。我们重点来说说入声。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">入声读法在现在的各地方言中有不同程度的保留。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">现代江浙、福建、广东、广西、江西等处都保存着入声。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">北方也有一些地方保存着入声。例如山西、内蒙古等地。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">湖南的入声不是很短促,但也明显保存着入声这种调类的发声特点。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">但在长江以北的北方广大地区,和西南四川、贵州、云南等地</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(中国的四大语系中这些地区属于“北方语系”——此外还有越语系、闽南语系、粤语系、湘语系)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">的绝大部分地区的口语里,入声音已经消失了。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这些地方的入声字:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">有的变为了今天的阴平;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">有的变为了今天的阳平;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">有的变为了今天的上声;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">有的变为了今天的去声。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">就普通话来说,入声字变为去声的最多,其次是阴平、阳平,变为上声的最少。</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">西南方言(从湖北到云南)的入声字一律变成了阳平。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">既然如此,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对以普通话为标志的今音而言,入声音既已消失,学习古音就只需找出那些变成了阴平、阳平的字就行了!因为变为上声和去声的,仍是仄声,不必理会它。<span></span></span></u></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.65pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">因此简单来说,学习古音只需记忆变成平声的入声字,就变成了一件并不复杂的事情了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">附</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">:古四声读法的补充说明;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古代的四声高低升降的形状是怎样的。现在已难详细知道了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">依照传统的说法。平声应该是一个中平调,上声应该是一个升调,去声应该是一个降调,入声应该是一个短促调。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">《康熙字典》前面载有一首歌诀,名为《分四声法》:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">平声平道莫低昂,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">上声高呼猛烈强,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">去声分明哀远道,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">入声短促急收藏。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这种叙述虽不够严明准确,但也能够提供给我们一个了解古代四声读法的大概。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">四声和韵的关系是很密切的。在韵书中。不同声调的字不能算是同韵。在诗词中。不同声调的字一般不能押韵。这在学习古诗词讲述平水韵时,会再详述。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">附<span>2</span>:如何根据你的方言发音来辨别入声字?<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果你的方言里是有入声的,例如江浙人、山西人、湖南人、华南人,问题可能比较容易解决。在有入声的方言里,声调不止四个,不但平声分阴、阳,连上声、去声、入声,往往也都分阴、阳。像广州粤语,入声还分为三类。只须把它们合并起来就是了,例如把阴平、阳平合并为平声,把阴上、阳上、阴去、阳去、阴入、阳入合并为仄声,即可。问题是要先清楚自己方言里有几个声调。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对于湖北、四川、云南、贵州和广西北部的人,入声字在方言里都归了阳平。遇到阳平字就应该特别注意,其中有一部分在古声是属于入声字的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">举几个例子。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">一,普通话读音:<span class="apple-converted-space"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">yī</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">,第一声阴平;而中古音读极短促的入声音:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">y</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">ì<span class="apple-converted-space"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">十,普通话读音:<span class="apple-converted-space"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">sh</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">í</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">,第二声阳平;而中古音读极短促的入声音:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">sh</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">ì<span class="apple-converted-space"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">黑,普通话读音:<span class="apple-converted-space"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">h</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">ē<span>i</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">,第一声阴平;而中古音读极短促的入声音:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">h</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">è<span class="apple-converted-space"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">。<span></span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">白,普通话读音:<span class="apple-converted-space"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">b</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">á<span>i</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">,第二声阴平;而中古音读极短促的入声音:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">b</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">è<span class="apple-converted-space"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">。</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">湖北等地虽属北方语系,但有些字的读音与北方读音并不相同。对于只用普通话的北方人,辨别平仄的方法又跟湖北等处稍有不同。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古代入声字既然在普通话里多数变了去声,去声也是仄声;又有一部分变了上声,上声也是仄声。因此,“由入变去”和“由入变上”的字都不妨碍我们辨别平仄;只有“由入变平”(阴平、阳平)的字才造成了辨别平仄的困难。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">我们遇到规定用仄声的地方,而今天读来是平声的字,究竟有多少有哪些?应该靠查有关的入声字表来解决。<span></span></span></u></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">(详见下一节)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">总之,入声问题是学习古音,辨别平仄的唯一障碍。只要我们细心处理就能解决。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">至于哪些是今音已属平声的入声字,过去有韵书可查,而今人已经整理了有关资料,是很便于查找识别的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">思考题:学习对联和古典诗词,为什么一定要学习古音读法?为什么说学习古音的关键是记忆“入声字表”?<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;"> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><b> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:24px;color:#9933E5;">练习</span><span style="font-size:24px;color:#9933E5;">8</span><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="font-size:24px;color:#9933E5;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span> &nbsp;(</span><span style="font-size:18px;">此次练习可仍用今音</span><span style="font-size:18px;">)</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:18px;">1. </span><span style="font-size:18px;">出句:</span><span style="font-size:18px;">云走天涯风做伴</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:18px;">2. </span><span style="font-size:18px;">出句:</span><span style="font-size:18px;">枝头风舞花羞落</span><br /> <span style="font-size:18px;"> 3. </span><span style="font-size:18px;">出句:</span><span style="font-size:18px;">古寺凭林隐</span><br /> <span style="font-size:18px;"> 4. </span><span style="font-size:18px;">出句:</span><span style="font-size:18px;">推窗邀月至</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:18px;">5. </span><span style="font-size:18px;">出句:</span><span style="font-size:18px;">俯首江心天近我</span> </p> </b></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><b><span style="font-size:24px;color:#64451D;"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:24px;color:#64451D;"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:24px;color:#64451D;"></span></b><b></b> </b> </p> <p> <br /> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-28 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">第<span>9</span>课次<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; 4</span>、<span>5</span>、<span>6</span>三段<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">需要记忆的入声字表<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">为了今人方便掌握入声字的归属,许多专家编辑了不同形式的“入声字表”,在网上都不难查到。但是不同的人整理的材料的详略,各有不同。本人手头有几种这样的资料,本来想介绍给大家。又恐资料紊乱,莫衷一是。现就自己根据所收集的材料,整理了一份简化了(删除若干生僻字)的,以音序为索引的<span>440</span>字的“常用入声字”表,推荐给大家。(见附录<span>1.</span>)大家可以将它作为记忆的初步依据。如有需要其他资料的,可向我索取。而最终确定所有字是否入声字,还得依据“康熙字典”与“词源”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></u></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">注意:首先可以先看几遍,有个初步并逐渐加深的印象。如果不是十分熟悉,到使用时,还须不厌其烦去查对!<span></span></span></u></i></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">如果你印象不是很深,或者没有把握,那你必须常去核对证实!切忌估摸、蒙用。<span></span></span></u></i></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">还有一份如何记忆入声字的材料也介绍给大家参考。可以作为进一步学习古诗词时的留存资料,暂时可以不细究。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:14.2pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:宋体;">附<span>1</span>:<span style="color:red;">常用入声字表 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>440</span>字)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">B&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">八白百佰北捌笔剥泊伯柏薄博搏膊脖渤别勃逼钵拔</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">拨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">跋钹舶帛驳鳖憋卜</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">雹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">C&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">擦察插撮吃出戳拆</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">撮</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">D</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">答搭达得夺德敌蝶喋堞碟</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">谍</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">牒</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">独</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">迭叠褡滴</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">夺度</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">跌读督咄的沓笛迪狄荻嫡镝籴</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">涤</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">犊牍渎毒铎踱度癖撇匹朴笃</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">耋</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">E&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">额</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">F&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">发法乏伐筏阀罚福幅弗佛拂彿伏茯服蝠辐仆璞<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">G&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">格隔阁革搁骨疙胳割鸽刮聒郭膈国帼虢</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">葛骼鹄</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">H&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">喝</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">活</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">黑合忽核盒曷阖劾阂貉涸翮斛滑</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">曷斛滑豁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">J&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">节迹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">洁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">吉击</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">急及极</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">汲岌笈积极</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">级</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">激即脊</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">棘</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">瘠疾嫉蒺集籍藉辑楫</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">缉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">绩缉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">楫</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">屐棘绝杰捷决夹揭竭</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">碣</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">偈</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">截</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">结接洁絜拮诘劫桀栉婕睫截</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">菊</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">掬鞠亟荚颊局跼菊橘觉抉诀玦倔掘崛厥蕨爵嚼蹶</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">角</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">K&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">磕搕哭窟咳壳<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">L&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">拉勒<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">M&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">摸抹膜没<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">N&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">捏</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">霓</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">P&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">泼劈撇瞥扑仆拍霹泊<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">Q&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">七切曲屈缺柒漆戚沏掐<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">S&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">十什石食失</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">拾</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">实识虱湿蚀杀刷撒缩塞叔淑菽舌折孰熟</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">塾</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">秫赎勺</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">芍</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">俗说<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">T&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">塔帖塌踏剔踢贴铁秃托脱突<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">W&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">屋挖<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">X&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">学</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">夕汐惜昔吸悉蟋析息熄锡晰浙晰膝瞎戌削席媳习袭檄歇楔</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">挟</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">侠狭峡狎</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">黠</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">辖协胁颉撷穴</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">薛匣歇蝎</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">蠍</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">胁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">Y&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">压曰约壹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">押鸭噎</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">揖掖</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">翕揖<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">Z&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">杂砸</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">匝</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">铡闸则竹直责贼辙辄谪蛰</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">只汁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">足</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">拙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">昨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">桌执灼</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">哲</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">昨酌着琢</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">值</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">织</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">族择泽织扎卓倬捉拙摘</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">侄</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">植殖执姪职宅折竺轴妯</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">凿</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">卒</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">斫浊</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">烛逐粥</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">我们来看下面的对联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">洞庭斑竹湘妃泪<span>/</span>喜马琼衫舜帝衣<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">涉足三千里<span>/</span>成诗七八章<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">巷尾街头人约伴<span>/</span>花前月下蝶成双<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">入画三千尘外竹<span>/</span>吟诗几首岭边云<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">阅透春华诗笔畅</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">邀来秋月笛声悠</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">你来看看这些对联,其中哪些字,如果不按古音入声字读音,会出现什么情形?<span style="color:maroon;">(作为练习<span>9</span>的思考题)</span><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-28 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">常用可平可仄的字<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">还有一个问题很重要,我们要特别注意一字两读的情况。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有时候,一个字有两种意义。此时词性往往也不同。同时也有两种读音。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如“为”字,用作动词的时候解作“做”,就读平声(阳平);用作介词的时候解作“因为”,“为了”,就读去声。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">在古汉语里。这种情况比现代汉语多得多。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  骑,平声,动词,骑马;去声,名词,骑兵。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  思,平声,动词,思念;去声,名词,思想,情怀。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  誉,平声,动词,称赞;去声,名词,名誉。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  污,平声,形容词,污秽;去声,动词,弄脏。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  数,上声,动词,计算;去声,名词,数目,命运;入声(读如朔),形容词,频繁。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  教,去声。名词,教化,教育;平声,动词,使,让。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  令,去声,名词,命令;平声,动词,使,让。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  禁,去声,名词,禁令,宫禁;平声,动词,堪,经得起。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  杀,入声,及物动词,杀戮;去声(读如晒),不及物动词,衰落。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有些字,本来是读平声的,后来变为去声,但是意义词性都不变。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“望”、“叹”,“看”都属于这一类。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“望”和“叹”在唐诗中已经有读去声的了,“看”字直到近代律诗中,往往也还读平声(读<span>: k</span>ā<span>n</span>)。在现代汉语里,除“看守”的“看”读平声以外,“看”字总是读去声了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">也有比较复杂的情况:如“过”字用作动词时有平、去两读,至于用作名词,解作过失时,就只有去声一读了。 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">可平可仄常用字表</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">一<span>. </span>平仄两音意义不同</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">  疏 仄-名词       平-形容词<span><br /> </span>  难 仄-名词       平-形容词<span><br /> </span>  扇 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  烧 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  行 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  吹 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  思 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  乘 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  从 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  传 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  闻 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  调 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  论 仄-动词、名词    平-名词<span><br /> </span>  骑 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  观 仄-名词       平-动词<span><br /> </span>  兴 仄-名词       平-动词 形容词<span><br /> </span>  令 仄-名词       平-动词 使<span><br /> </span>  教 仄-名词       平-动词 让<span><br /> </span>  分 仄-名词 名份    平-动词<span><br /> </span>  王 仄-动词       平-名词<span><br /> </span>  衣 仄-动词       平-名词<span><br /> </span>  冠 仄-动词       平-名词<span><br /> </span>  荷 仄-动词       平-名词<span><br /> </span>  间 仄-动词       平-名词 中间<span><br /> </span>  污 仄-动词 染     平-名词<span><br /> </span>  中 仄-动词       平-其它<span><br /> </span>  长 仄-动词及长幼    平-长短<span><br /> </span>  漫 仄-动词 漫出    平-形容词 漫漫<span><br /> </span>  相 仄-宰相       平-互相<span><br /> </span>  燕 仄-燕子       平-国名<span><br /> </span>  翰 仄-翰墨       平-鸟羽<span><br /> </span>  便 仄-方便       平-安静<span><br /> </span>  胜 仄-名胜       平-经得起 胜过<span><br /> </span>  为 仄-因为       平-作为<span><br /> </span>  雍 仄-州名       平-和也<span><br /> </span>  占 仄-占据       平-占卜<span><br /> </span>  扁 仄-形容词      平-名词 扁舟<span><br /> </span>  治 仄-形容词      平-动词<span><br /> </span>  正 仄-形容词 副词   平-正月<span><br /> </span>  判 仄-判别       平-拼着<span><br /> </span>  不 仄-否定       平-是否<span><br /> </span>  傍 仄-依        平-同旁<span><br /> </span>  浪 仄-波        平-沧浪<span><br /> </span>  强 仄-勉强       平-强有力 <span><br /> </span>  施 仄-施舍       平-施行<span><br /> </span>  当 仄-相称       平-应当 正值<span><br /> </span>  称 仄-相称合适     平-称谓<span><br /> </span>  要 仄-要不要      平-约也<span><br /> </span>  旋 仄-副词 俄顷    平-动词<span><br /> </span>  和 仄-唱和       平-合好 与<span><br /> </span>  颇 仄-略有       平-形容词 偏颇<span><br /> </span>  供 仄-陈设       平-供给<span><br /> </span>  那 仄-无奈       平-何也<span><br /> </span>  华 仄-华山       平-华美<span><br /> </span>  禁 仄-禁止 禁令    平-经得起<span><br /> </span>  殷 仄-雷声       平-富 大<span><br /> </span>  重 仄-轻重 副词    平-重叠<span><br /> </span>  任 仄-听任 任务    平-动词<span><br /> </span> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">二<span>.&nbsp; </span>平仄两读而意义不变的字</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">  醒 虽有平仄两读而意义不变<span><br /> </span>  听 虽有平仄两读而意义不变<span><br /> </span>  看 虽有平仄两读而意义不变<span><br /> </span>  过 虽有平仄两读而意义不变<span><br /> </span>  望 虽有平仄两读而意义不变<span><br /> </span>  忘 虽有平仄两读而意义不变<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-28 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">6. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">几点补充<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">再说说入声字的问题。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">前面介绍了古入声字及其识别记忆方法。作为补充,这里再谈几点个人学习中的体会,供大家参考。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一下记不住那么多入声字,不要紧。先记住最常用的:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">最常用入声字表(从上一节的“常用入声字”中摘出)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(约<span>200</span>字)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">B&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">八白百北笔剥薄柏伯泊别勃逼帛<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">C&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">擦插撮吃出拆<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">D</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">答达得夺德敌蝶</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">独</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">迭叠滴</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">夺度</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">读督的笛迪<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">E&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">额</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">F&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">发法福幅乏伐罚佛拂伏服<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">G&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">格隔阁革鸽刮郭国<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">H&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">活</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">黑合忽盒喝<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">J&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">迹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">洁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">吉击</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">急及</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">即集疾</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">极</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">积</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">级</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">激</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">即</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">节觉绝杰接捷结劫决夹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">菊局角</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">K&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">咳哭<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">L&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">拉勒<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">M&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">摸抹没<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">N&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">捏</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">铁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">P&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">泼扑拍泊<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">Q&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">七切曲屈缺漆<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">S&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">十石食</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">拾</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">实识说杀刷塞湿失叔什舌折俗熟勺</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">舌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">T&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">塔帖贴秃托脱<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">W&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">屋挖<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">X&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">学</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">夕惜昔息吸悉析歇戌削席媳习袭侠</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">歇</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">Y&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">压曰约壹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">押鸭噎约 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:9.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">Z&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">杂砸则竹直值植织</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">浊</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">烛逐责贼</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">只汁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">足昨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">桌昨酌着</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">卒族择泽捉拙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这<span>200</span>个入声字,更常用一些,比较容易记。但也不是一定要背下来(如果能基本记住,当然更好),只是要你多看几遍,有个印象。当然印象越深越好。写对联时,估计会涉及入声字时,就来查对入声字表。查对时还是要用前面的“常用入声字表”,以免遗漏。上面的“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">最常用入声字表</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”,如果比较熟了,有一定把握时,就不必每次都查了。时间久了,自然大部都能记住的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有些入声字一时分不清,不要紧。除了按上述的方法先熟悉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">最常用入声字表</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”,并常查对之外,极个别生僻一些的字用错也没关系的,切不可因噎废食。因为既使训练有素的大家也不能保证百分之百地正确。何况初学者?<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">可平可仄的字,使用时要留意:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平仄两读意义不同的,要注意区分应用场合,即要区别所用字的词性是怎样的。例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">教 仄-名词(如“教育”);平-动词,“让”的意思,(如“敢教…”)。如对联中:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">子云有教须无类——教,名词,仄声;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">你教我学恰其时——教,动词,平声。<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">而平仄两读意义不变的,则可随意使用。例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">看 虽有平仄两读而意义不变<span><br /> </span>远看成岭侧成峰——看,动词,平声;<span><br /> </span>但看古来歌舞地——看,动词,仄声。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其次谈一点对联对仗的问题。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">学会写对联,必须掌握对仗方式的基本要求。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古人曰:“不以规矩,不成方圆。”前人讲对仗,有明确的原则。《缥湘对类》一书提出了“实对实,虚对虚”的基本法则,强调“有无虚与实,死活重兼轻”,这为后来的楹联艺术奠定了基本框架。古人做对仗,将汉字分为实字、虚字、助字三大类。实字类又另外分出半实字,虚字类又分出活与死两小类,并且又另附半虚字。分类如下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:28.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">实字:花、草、林、山、天、地……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:28.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">半实:力、雄、文、武、光、雷……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:28.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">虚字(死):高、新、强、大、精、小……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:28.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">虚字(活):流、歌、升、斗、照、开……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:28.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">半虚:上、下、中、内、外、里……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:28.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">助字:之、也、然、哉、焉、何……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">前人对以上这种分类,概括了几句话:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“无形可见为虚,有迹可指为实,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">体本乎静为死,用发乎动为生,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">似有似无者半虚半实。”<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这种分类方法,比起我们现在的汉语分类,似乎单调而新颖,然而仔细分析,它同现代汉语分类也有相通之处。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古人所说的实字,即是我们今天所说的实物名词;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">所谓半实,则是抽象名词;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">所谓虚字部分,活的是动词,死的是形容词;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">助词,即是虚词,包括介词和连词、助词等。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“半虚”则包括较抽象的时间词和形容词。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">掌握和熟悉古代词分类法,对我们今天研究和欣赏对联是很有帮助的。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">当然,这种分类如果在今天的对联中,要一一对应地对仗,是没有必要的。只需大类不错,小类合并放宽就可以了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如何放宽,后面总结时,还会说到。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">练习<span>9</span></span></b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">思考题见第<span>4</span>段文末。(入声字不熟悉的,应仔细辨别!)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">下列出句,先指出古仄今平的入声字,再应对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">(<span style="color:fuchsia;">至少做<span>3</span>题</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">①<span>. </span>出句:翠竹绒花人影远<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">②<span>. </span>出句:篱边黄菊云中燕<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">③<span>. </span>出句:驿外寒梅白<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">④<span>. </span>出句:黄花疑是蝶<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">⑤<span>. </span>出句:水月逍遥逐浪行<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">下面几联存在什么问题?应如何修改?(<span style="color:fuchsia;">至少做<span>2</span>题</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">①<span>. </span>满径黄花疑是蝶</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">一阁古画可成书<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">②<span>. </span>满苑寒梅羞白雪<span>/</span>一阁明月映红梅<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">③<span>. </span>雾里看花难识色<span>/</span>水中捞月只得空<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">④<span>. </span>稻菽飘荡随风舞<span>/</span>水月逍遥逐浪行<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;text-indent:0.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">下面两个出句,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">要</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">求:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;text-indent:17.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">a.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">指出存在的问题,作出正确的修改。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;text-indent:17.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">b.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">标出 平仄两读意义不同,平仄两读意义不变 的字。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;text-indent:17.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">c.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">应对修改后的出句。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;text-indent:26.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">①<span>. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:闲行岸边听鸟曲<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:26.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">②<span>. </span>出句:雨过青山千层绿<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-28 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">第<span>10</span>课次<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7</span>、<span>8</span>、<span>9</span>三段<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">7. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平仄杆与其它字数的对联格式<span></span></span></b> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.85pt;"> <span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span> </p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">对联与近体诗(绝句与律诗)一样,除强调语法结构,还特别强调声律结构。即句内的平仄关系和联内的句脚安排一定要合乎约定俗成的形式。古人虽未制定严格的联律,但律即在联中。由于短联句式与律诗、骈文句式没有多大区别,长联结构又比较复杂,人们对联律的理解曾经存在分歧。现在我们介绍的联律,是历代(包括当代)联家在创作实践基础上,对各种对联结构经过比较和选择,简化和优化的结果。这种最佳的对联结构,是目前联界的共识。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">最佳的对联结构的核心是</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平仄相谐的规则,即马蹄韵。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">马蹄韵最基本的规则是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">“平平仄仄”两两交替!<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这是马蹄韵对联规则的精髓。因状如马蹄的节奏,而得“马蹄韵”之名。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对联不管字数多少,都应是一个平仄交替的长序列中的一段。这个长序列就叫“平仄杆”。上联和下联的平仄杆不相同:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上联,马蹄韵有两种平仄排列规则(平仄杆),是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一种: ……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">―││――││――││――│</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二种: ……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">││――││――││――││</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联,马蹄韵的两种平仄排列规则(平仄杆),是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一种: ……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">│――││――││――││―</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二种: ……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">――││――││――││――</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">在一般的键盘上,使用“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">―、│</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”符号表示平、仄并不方便,从本节开始,我们更多地使用“<span>0</span>、<span>1</span>”表示平、仄。上面的平仄杆就是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上联<span>1</span>:……<span>01100110011001</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上联<span>2</span>:……<span>11001100110011</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联<span>1</span>:……<span>10011001100110</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联<span>2</span>:……<span>00110011001100</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">注意:上联平仄杆的第一种与下联平仄杆的第一种配合成联;上联平仄杆的第二种与下联平仄杆的第二种配合成联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">不论是句脚平仄还是句中平仄,均应遵循此一规则:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">句脚平仄:不管多少字的联句,句脚字都必须是平仄杆规定的平或仄声字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">句中平仄:不管多少字的联句,只要从上列任意一对“平仄杆”的最后,依次向前截取一段,即可符合马蹄韵规则。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">下联平仄和上联平仄,永远相反。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">完全符合“平仄两两交替”规则的联句称为“正格”,不完全符合的称为“变格”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:30.35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">我们来列出不同字数,正格的平仄形式:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(括号中为例句)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(旧)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(新)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">二言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">01&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(诗癖)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">10&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(画痴)<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">11 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(看水)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">00 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(听泉)<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">三言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">001 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(独生子)(<span style="color:red;">独:今音</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(特种兵)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">011 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(龙胆草)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">100 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(马兰花)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">四言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1001 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(四方来宝)<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0110 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(八路进财)(<span style="color:red;">八:今音</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(恩来立志)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(马到成功)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">五言句:<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">11001 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(有客如擒虎)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">00110 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(无钱请退之)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">10011 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(百花开盛世)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">01100 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(双燕入农家)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">00011 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(八方盈正气)(<span style="color:red;">八:今音</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">11100 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(四化涌春潮)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">六言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110011 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(处处明山秀水)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">001100 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(家家笑语欢歌)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">七言句:<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011001 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(莺歌燕舞留春住)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100110 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(虎跃龙腾向未来)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100011 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(碧海红霞辉玉宇)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011100 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(东风旭日荡神州)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">八言句以上多为拆分复句,见下节。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">&nbsp;8. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">复句正格格式</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.1pt;text-indent:-9pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">复句式的对联,每一联都由相同句数的多句组成。虽然复句多为八言及八言以上的多字句,有时七言以下的也可以拆分成多句结构。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">复句对联,其平仄格律,有正格、变格两种模式。此节先介绍正格模式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">正格模式的复句结构,其平仄律相当于把此复句取消隔断变成同字数的单句来看待。此时复句的平仄结构,从头至尾是一段完整的平仄杆。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">单句对联的句脚总是“仄<span>/</span>平”的。多分句的复句,每个分句都有一个句脚。因此复句的分句句脚是二位或更多位的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如一种比较常见的四、七言结构的复句,其正格格式是:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">001<span style="color:red;">1</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>001100<span style="color:red;">1</span></span>(<span style="color:red;">分句句脚就是“<span>11</span>”——,下同!</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110<span style="color:red;">0</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>110011<span style="color:red;">0</span></span>(<span style="color:red;">00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">或者:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110<span style="color:red;">0</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>110001<span style="color:red;">1</span></span>(<span style="color:red;">01</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">001<span style="color:red;">1</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>001110<span style="color:red;">0</span></span>(<span style="color:red;">10</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若是三、五</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">结构的复句形式,其对联的格式是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>10011</span>(<span>11</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>01100</span>(<span>00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">或</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>11001</span>(<span>01</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>00110</span>(<span>10</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若是四、六</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">结构的复句形式,其对联的格式是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>110011</span>(<span>01</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>001100</span>(<span>10</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">或</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>011001</span>(<span>01</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>100110</span>(<span>10</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若是一种三、三、六结构的复句形式,其对联的格式是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>110</span>,<span>011001</span>(<span>001</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>001</span>,<span>100110</span>(<span>110</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若是一种五、四结构的复句形式,其对联的格式是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">11001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>1001</span>(<span>11</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">00110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>0110</span>(<span>00</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">或者:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">10011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>0011</span>(<span>11</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">01100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>1100</span>(<span>00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若是七、四</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">结构的复句形式,其对联的格式是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0110011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>0011</span>(<span>11</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1001100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>1100</span>(<span>00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">或者:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1011001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>1001</span>(<span>11</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0100110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>0110</span>(<span>00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其余以此类推,不难得到其它字数的各种复句结构。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">9. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">复句</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">变格格式<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">复句变格有两种变化形式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">A. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一种是其中的单句,完全按照“<span>1</span>、<span>3</span>、<span>5</span>、……不论,<span>2</span>、<span>4</span>、<span>6</span>、……分明”(不包括上下联的后三字)的原则,“<span>1</span>、<span>3</span>、<span>5</span>、……”位平仄机动,产生出的变格形式。这与入门篇讲到的五七言律诗结构型的对联变格形式相似。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">B. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">另一种是各个单句,单独从平仄杆上截取。放宽单句间的马蹄韵连接限制。也可叫“变格”<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如前面说到的最常见的四、七言结构的复句形式对联<span>,</span>若不考虑<span>A. </span>变格,其变格格式可以是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>0011001</span>(<span>01</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>1100110</span>(<span>10</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">及:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>1100011</span>(<span>11</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>0011100</span>(<span>00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">或者:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>0011001</span>(<span>11</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>1100110</span>(<span>00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">及:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>1100011</span>(<span>01</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>0011100</span>(<span>10</span>) <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其它复句结构形式的平仄律,亦可以按平仄杆类推。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">显然这几种形式的对联,其马蹄韵效果要差很多。创作对联时,还是尽量不要采用的好。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这种变格放宽的情形,在不少社区网站对联版常有出现。但在诗钟联句时,是不被允许的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">上面<span>A.</span>与<span>B. </span>两种变格中,不管如何变化,有两条原则是不能违背的:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:45.75pt;text-indent:-24.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">联脚字上联仄收,下联平收,不得改变;而且复句联的每一分句的句脚字平仄必须相反;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:45.75pt;text-indent:-24.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">第<span>2</span>、<span>4</span>、<span>6</span>、……位置上的字,平仄必须相反。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">然而在四句、五句及以上的长联,有时为了联意需要或者运用特殊联格,打破“两两交替”的马蹄韵规则,也是能允许的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">关于句中平仄变格的允否,与五、七言律句式对联的情形是一样的:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">即上句“……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”式结尾的句式,“<span>1</span>、<span>3</span>、<span>5</span>、……”不论,一直可以延续到倒数第三字,成为“……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">101</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”式拗句,只要下联为“……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">010</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”进行拗救即可;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">而上句“……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”式结尾的句式,“<span>1</span>、<span>3</span>、<span>5</span>、……”不论,就不能延续到倒数第三字。倒数第三字为仄,将会出现三仄尾,(同时,下联将会出现三平尾),为绝对不能允许。除非倒数第二字变为平,成了上一种形式,而按上一种形式处理。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上句“……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”式结尾的句式,不同字数(含复句)联举例分述如下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">三言句:只有“<span>1</span>不论”,为(<span># </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">01</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">四、五言句:可有“<span>1</span>、<span>3</span>不论”,为(<span>#</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">、<span>*</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">01</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">六言句:可有“<span>1</span>、<span>3</span>、<span>5</span>不论”,为(<span>*</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">五、六、七言句,还有一些情况较复杂,需要结合孤平问题一起说,详见下节。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">以上复句正格和变格,试举几例:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">二句联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">门辟九霄,仰步三天胜迹;(句脚<span>01</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">阶崇万级,俯临千嶂奇观。(<span>10</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">爆竹知人意,声声悦耳;(<span>11</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">梅花晓天时,朵朵欢心。(<span>00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">三句联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">申奥功成,入世关通,一年好景蛇辞岁(<span>001</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">兴邦业举,富民旗展,万里雄图马跃春(<span>110</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">勤廉并行,作风转变,民安国泰千秋富(<span>011</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">法德齐治,正气弘扬,地久天长四海春(<span>100</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">四句联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">九州风物,荡漾胸中,一任他海阔天空,鸢飞鱼跃;(<span>1001</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">三晋溪山,奔腾眼底,合归我松青柏翠,鸟语花香。(<span>0110</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">申奥扬眉,入世争雄,足球圆梦,喜事桩桩强国力;(<span>0011</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">促农迈步,航天斗艳,科技兴邦,丰碑座座快民心。(<span>1100</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">句脚平仄也可以变,成变格的情形:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">民意顺,国运兴,四海讴歌称盛世(<span>101</span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">春风和,日色丽,九州景物换新颜(<span>010</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">句脚平仄不遵循“两两交替”规则(即不从“平仄杆”的最后依次向前截取),算是变格。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">四句、五句及以上的长联,为了联意需要或者运用特殊联格的缘故,句内就打破“两两交替”规则,也是变格。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">新相识,旧相识,春宵有约期方值。试问今夕何夕,一样月色灯色,该寻觅。(识、值、夕,古音都是仄声)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这边游,那边游,风景如斯乐未休。况是前头后头,几度茶楼酒楼,尽勾留。(分句句脚均平,但押“<span>ou</span>”韵,是另一种形式联。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">人人论功名,功有实功,名有实名,存一点掩耳盗铃之私心,终为无益;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">官官称父母,父必真父,母必真母,做几件悬羊卖狗的假事,总不相干。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(此联字面上,属于拆词分总格式。详见提高篇。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">循规曰圆,循矩曰方。当圆则圆,当方则方。或舍圆求方,或舍方求圆,圆方岂可随心变。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">明事为觉,明知为悟。错觉非觉,错悟非悟。有以觉求悟,有以悟求觉,觉悟缘由阅世来。(觉,古音仄声。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(此联字面上,属于句脚越递形式。详见提高篇。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">复句长联关于正格变格的定义,联界并无统一规定。多数作者沿用我们入门篇在讲五、七言单句时的规定,将从平仄杆上严格截取的平仄律叫做正格,如第<span>8</span>节所述。而其余均列入变格,如前所述。然而也有些作者把按照“<span>135</span>不论,<span>246</span>分明”变化了的单句构成的复句也叫正格。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如把:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*1 #0</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>#0 *1 #01 </span>(<span>01</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#0 *1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>*1 00 *10 </span>(<span>10</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">及:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#0 *1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>*1 #0 011 </span>(<span>11</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*1 #0</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,<span>#0 *1 100 </span>(<span>00</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">等句式都归入正格。而只把那些违反通常联律规定的复句叫变格。(变格甚至还包括上联平收下联仄收的特殊情形。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">因此严格规定正格与变格的划线,并没有什么实际意义。只不过是初学对联联律时的一种划分方法而已。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">练习<span>10</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">写出下面对联的平仄谱和分句句脚平仄:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">①<span>.</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">翠翠红红,处处莺莺燕燕<span><br /> </span>风风雨雨,年年暮暮朝朝<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">②<span>.</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">鸟识天机,衔得春来花上弄<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">鱼知地脉,挹将月向水边吞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">③<span>.</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">目注三江,愿问贫民疾苦<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">心关四海,试观曩哲襟怀<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">④<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">(括弧内的字,平仄谱不计,以<span>*</span>代替。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">如此江山,(对)海碧天青,万里烟云归咫尺<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">莫辞樽酒,(值)蕉黄荔紫,一楼风雨话生平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">⑤<span>.</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">书道入神明,落纸云烟,今古竞传八法<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.85pt;text-indent:-0.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">酒狂称圣草,满堂风雨,岁时宜奠三杯</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">对句:(直接在斜杠后对即可,如“雨<span>/</span>风”)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">一言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">夕<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">二言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">朝露<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">翠柳<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">三言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">沿河柳<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">山涧水<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">四言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">柳塘荷艳<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">蝉鸣翠柳<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">五言句:<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">乳燕高飞去<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">大江千里去<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">六言句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">北国千山瑞雪<span>/</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-0.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">东海浩波飘渺<span>/</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-0.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-0.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-28 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">11. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">孤平问题<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">孤平问题在入门篇已经提到了,这里再次予以解释。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">孤平是说一联(复句是指五字以上的一个单句,绝句或律诗中是指一句)中,除末尾用韵的字之外,只有孤立的一个平声字。孤仄是指同样情形中,只有一个仄声字(近体诗中孤仄的要求从宽)。另一种更容易判断的定义是:一句中至少应有两个平声字相连,否则就是孤平句。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有一联是孤平句,由马蹄韵可能导致另一联出现孤仄句。所以孤平<span>/</span>孤仄可能同时出现。由于变格的结果,也可能并不同时出现。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">孤平<span>/</span>孤仄造成联句平仄交替太少,读起来缺乏音调变化。一般多发生在五言、六言、七言单句,及其组成的复句联句中,应当尽量避免其发生。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">为避免孤平<span>/</span>孤仄的出现,例如对五言律句,“平仄”式结尾句,不能随意对第三字作变格:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">五言正格上联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">11001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,如果第三字变成仄:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">11101 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(孤平);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">00010 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(孤仄)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">五言正格下联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">00110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,如果第一字变成仄:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">10110 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(孤平);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">六言正格:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">110011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,如果第三字变成仄:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">111011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(孤平);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">000100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(孤仄)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:44.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">七言正格:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,如果第三字变成平:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:44.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0001001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:44.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联如果这样:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1110110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(孤平)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:44.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">但:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">11100&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">不算孤平,因为有两个平声字相连。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> <span style="color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这里对以“……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">01</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”结尾的七言句这种情况,要特别说明一下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">①<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”这个句型的变格,如果第三个字有必要变成平声字(这是经常会出现的),而“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0001001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”,常可以通过首字变成仄声字</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1001001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">来弥补。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">我们来看这句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一庭明月因谁好——首字仄声救了孤仄。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">②<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">特例:“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1110110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”是个典型的</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">孤平句。主张从严格要求的认为不能够通过首字变成平声字来弥补,而且也不能以第五个字变成平声字来救;主张放宽的认为第五个字变成平声字可救。我们一般都取放宽可救的意见。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0110110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”是个孤平句,因为平声字不相连;“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1110010</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”放宽了就算救了,可以用。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如:“满院郁香适我娴”是个孤平句,改成“满院幽馨适我娴”就可以了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">又如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">嫩寒锁梦因春冷<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">馥郁袭人是酒香 ——是个孤平句,“袭人”改成“宜人”就可以了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">又如</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">:“归雁唳空一谷新”也是孤平句;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">出句:窗明窗暗梅花影<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对句:帐暖帐寒琴瑟声<span>&nbsp; </span>——这一对句可以;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">出句:窗明窗暗梅花影<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对句:梦淡梦幽月色痕<span>&nbsp; </span>——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这一对句不行。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有人做过统计,唐诗数万首中,违犯这一规则的,不过三四首。可见古人是非常注意的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">大家</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一定要记住,遇到“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”这个句型的第三字要用仄声字时 :<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*1 #0 * 10</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">” </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一定要慎重处理。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">由此处更可见得,简单套用“<span>135</span>不论,<span>246</span>分明”的口诀时是不可靠的。请大家务必明了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:51.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">练习<span>11</span>:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">、写出下面二对对联的平仄谱和分句句脚平仄,是最佳否?<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">①<span>.</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">为名忙,为利忙,忙里偷闲,吃杯茶去<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">劳心苦,劳力苦,苦中作乐,斟碗酒来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">②<span>.</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">雾来月落为谁留,二分尘土,一分流水<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">峰到春归无处觅,红了樱桃,绿了芭焦<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">、复句对句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">①<span>. </span>出句:春天好客,荷斟玉露邀明月;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">②<span>. </span>出句:碧水无痕,晴光恰映千株柳;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">在下列对联中,指出孤平句,并进行上下联的对照修改:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">①<span>. </span>风轻云淡阳春景<span>/</span>花好月圆仲夏天。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">②<span>. </span>群山叠翠轻烟笼<span>/</span>一水泛青细雨飞。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">③<span>.</span>萍荷伴柳听蛙鼓<span>/</span>水月戏船逐浪行。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">④<span>.</span>天长地久,联坛待客千枝绿<span>/</span>虎踞龙盘,网校育人百草鲜。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">⑤<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">春天好客,荷斟清露邀明月<span>/</span>夏雨宜人,柳钓浊波学太公。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">⑥<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">暮色任人贬<span>/<a href="http://www.lang5.com/bbs/thread-19639-1-1.html"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;"><span>文心由笔雕</span></span></a></span>。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-28 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">第<span>12</span>课次<span>&nbsp; 12</span>、<span>13</span>、二段</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">12. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对联中的镶嵌<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">提高篇将要介绍对联制作的各种技法。其中两种在进阶篇进行介绍。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其中第一种就是镶嵌手法,由于应用普遍,先在本节进行介绍。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">为了表达某种特定的意义,以达到某种特定的创作目的和获得特定的艺术效果,人们在写作楹联时,经常把某些特定的字词,诸如人名、地名、数字、方位以及所写的事件或中心词等,巧妙而自然地嵌入联语,这种创作方法称为镶嵌法。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">镶嵌法是对联创作中特殊而又最常用的一种方法。此法因其精巧,创作难度较大;因其别具雅趣,深受世人喜爱;因其用处较多,人们也知难而进。古来颇多佳作传世。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一<span>. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">镶嵌联的使用范围及其基本内容</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">镶嵌联的使用范围极为广泛,内容十分丰富,现介绍数例。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  <span>1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">镶嵌节气<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">天气<span style="color:red;">大寒</span><span style="color:blue;">,</span><span style="color:red;">霜降</span>屋檐成<span style="color:red;">小雪</span><span style="color:blue;">;<span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">日光<span style="color:red;">端午</span><span style="color:blue;">,</span><span style="color:red;">清明</span>水底见<span style="color:red;">重阳</span><span style="color:blue;">。</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此联描绘了“大寒”和“端午”时节的自然景象,上联镶嵌“大寒”、“霜降”、“小雪”三个农事节气,下联镶嵌“端午”、“清明”、“重阳”三个农时节日。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  <span>2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">镶嵌姓字</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> <span style="color:blue;"> <span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">鱼游水孔秋江冷;</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">柏芮林丛夏岳高。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此联既写景,又全由姓氏组成。</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">镶嵌数字<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">收<span style="color:red;">二</span>川,排<span style="color:red;">八</span>阵,<span style="color:red;">六</span>出<span style="color:red;">七</span>擒,<span style="color:red;">五</span>丈原前点<span style="color:red;">四十九</span>盏明灯,<span style="color:red;">一</span>心只为酬<span style="color:red;">三</span>顾;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">取<span style="color:red;">西</span>蜀,定<span style="color:red;">南</span>蛮,<span style="color:red;">东</span>和<span style="color:red;">北</span>拒,<span style="color:red;">中</span>军帐里变<span style="color:red;">金木土</span>圭爻卦,<span style="color:red;">水</span>面偏能用<span style="color:red;">火</span>攻。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此联以一至十的序数镶入上联,以东西南北中和金木水火土嵌入下联,把诸葛亮一生的主要事迹全写入联中。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  <span>4. </span>镶嵌方位<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">坐<span style="color:red;">南</span>朝<span style="color:red;">北</span>吃<span style="color:red;">西</span>瓜,皮向<span style="color:red;">东</span>放;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">由<span style="color:red;">上</span>向<span style="color:red;">下</span>读<span style="color:red;">左</span>传,书往<span style="color:red;">右</span>翻。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  此副联纯是方位之对。传说张、李两考生在炎夏苦读,暑热难当,乃共食一瓜,张生出上联,描绘自己吃瓜的情态;李生一时难以对上,后展书触情,回敬下联,描绘自己读书的情景,以供笑乐。联语对仗工整,堪称佳作。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">5</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">镶嵌药名</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">白头翁,持大戟,跨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">海马</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">,与</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">木贼</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">草寇</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">战</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">百合</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">旋复</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">回朝,不愧将军国老;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">红娘子,插金簪,戴</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">银花</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">,比</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">牡丹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">芍药</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">胜</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">五倍</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">苁蓉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">出阁,宛若云母天仙。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">该联镶嵌了十多种药名,借药名以叙事抒情,风雅别致,诙谐多趣。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>6</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">镶嵌年号<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">顺泰康宁雍</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">然</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">干德嘉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">千古;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">治平熙世正</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">是</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">隆恩庆</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">万年。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">此联相传为清朝嘉庆年间一个叫李绍仿的状元所写,联中镶嵌了自顺治至嘉庆历朝的年号,上下相连,颇显才气。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>7</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">镶嵌地名<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">桂省府数次搬迁,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">宜山</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">不宜,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">都安</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">不安,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">百色</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">百变,从此</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">凌云</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">直上,安居</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">乐业</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">四战区再度撤退,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">向华</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">失向,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">夏威</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">失威,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">云淞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">云散,盼望</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">龙光</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">反照,气煞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">健生</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">该联真实地记述了<span>1944</span>年的一段历史事实,上联镶入宜山、都安、百色、凌云、乐业等地名,下联嵌入向华(第四战区司令官张发奎)、夏威(桂系将领)、云淞(桂林卫戍司令韦云淞)、龙光(驻防钦州、防城一线的邓龙光)、健生(白崇禧)等人名,将日寇南进时广西省政府一搬再搬的地点和国民党将领一败再败的狼狈相清晰地勾勒出来,对仗工整,切中时弊,嘲讽怒骂的愤懑之情跃然纸上。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>8</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">镶嵌偏旁部首<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">烟锁池塘柳;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">炮镇海城楼。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">用相同的偏旁部首镶嵌于楹联之中,其局限性很大,但一旦写作成功,则趣味性浓郁。这副楹联的上下联偏旁分别以“火、金、水、土、木”五行相对应,常被人们称作绝对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">、 镶嵌联的常见形式</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">镶嵌联的格式很多,主要有整嵌、横嵌、竖嵌等十多种,举例分述如下:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>1</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">整镶<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓整镶,就是将所要镶嵌的名称在每一联中占一个位置,不能拆开,使其具有整体性。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">前年杀</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">吴禄贞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">,去年杀</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">张振武</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">,今年杀</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">宋教仁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">你说是</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">洪述祖</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">,他说是</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">赵秉钧</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">,我说是</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">袁世凯</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这是章太炎先生目睹袁世凯篡政后,对辛亥革命党人残酷镇压而深表愤慨之作。全联别出心裁,交错纵横地整镶了六个人的名字,把最为典型的历史事件穿插在楹联之中,构思精巧,使袁世凯之面目暴露无遗。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>2</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">横嵌</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓横嵌,就是将所要镶嵌的名称,予以分拆后镶嵌于一联之内。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">王师岂无能,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">啸</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">聚山林,风(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">峰</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)声鹤唳,敌寇未来先丧胆;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">程度果合格,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">汝</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">图宝贵,淮(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">怀</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)安旦夕,人民生死不关心。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">抗战时期,国民党鄂东挺进军第十七纵队司令程汝怀、副司令王啸峰,不仅不抗日,反而把枪口对着八路军。有人用横嵌的方法,把他们二人的名字拆开嵌入联中,给以辛辣的讽刺和有力的鞭挞。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> <span>3</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">竖嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">所谓竖嵌,就是将所要镶嵌的名称分拆开后,分别镶嵌于上下联中,是最常用的方法。</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">竖嵌的样式颇多,简单地分有首嵌、腹嵌和尾嵌三种。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">考虑到楹联与律诗和诗钟的联系,根据所镶嵌的字在上下联中的位置,细分为<span>13</span>个格,且借助动物形体部位,将镶联的格式予以十分形象生动的命名。运用这些格式,将竖嵌联制作的浑然天成,不着痕迹,乃为上乘佳作。分述于下。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●鹤顶格<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">鹤顶格又称“冠头格”、“凤顶格”、“丹顶格”、“顶头格”、“藏头格”等,是把要镶嵌的文字,按顺序分别镶嵌于上下联语开头的格式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□□……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□□……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">运用鹤顶格能使所镶嵌的文字突出显眼,而且第一字平仄不拘,故此较后面诸格更为人们所常用。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">明</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">月有情常照我;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">清</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">风无事乱翻书。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这是清初时有人写的一副楹联,当时反清复明的斗争以各种各样的方式存在,作者有意在这副联语之首镶嵌“明”、“清”两字,一褒一贬,显而易见。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●燕颔格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">燕颔格是把所要镶嵌的文字,按顺序分别镶嵌在上下联语第二字的位置。嵌入第二、四、六位置的字,必须平仄相反,这是一局限(除非刻意为之失律)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如: <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">修</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">竹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">千竿,横拖直扫,扫金扫银扫国币;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">小</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">轩</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">一角,日煮夜烹,烹鱼烹肉烹民膏。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">刘竹轩任伪县长,因其生活荒淫,作恶多端,日积民愤,某人将其名“竹轩”分别镶嵌于上下联第二字的位置,以痛加揭露贬斥之。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">以上两种,在入门篇教材中已经提及。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●鸢肩格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">鸢肩格将所要镶嵌的文字顺序镶嵌于上下联语的第三字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">调将</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">翠</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">黛眉偷画;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">吟到</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">荷</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">花口有香。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这是某人为一名叫“翠荷”的人所题联。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●蜂腰格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">蜂腰格是将要镶嵌的文字顺序镶嵌于上下联语的第四位的一种镶嵌格式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">莫学芙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">蓉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">空有面;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">应笑芬</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">芳</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">发自心。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这是<span>1940</span>年郭沫若写给侄媳魏蓉芳的楹联。联语巧嵌“蓉芳”二字,并富有哲理。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●鹤膝格<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">鹤膝格又称作鹤尾格,是指把所要镶嵌的文字,按顺序镶嵌在上下联语第五字的格式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">鸭摸螺蛳</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">张</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">瘪口;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">狗咬皮条</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">扬</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">偏头。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"> <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这副楹联表面上是描写鸭吃田螺和狗咬皮条的形态,实为张、杨二人互相戏谑而作的联语,上联嵌张,下联嵌杨(杨扬同音),互相打趣、斗智。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●凫胫格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">凫胫格,又叫雁翎格,是把要镶嵌的文字顺序镶嵌在上下联的第六字。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如: <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">泗水文章流</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">紫</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">水;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">尼山木铎振</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">荆</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">山。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">太平天国首领之一冯云山筹划起义时,曾在广西桂平紫荆山以教私塾为掩护,他运用凫胫格的形式将“紫荆”二字嵌于联中,并将这副楹联书写在孔子牌位两旁,以展示自己的理想和抱负。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●雁足格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">雁足格,又谓之“藏尾格”、“凤尾格”、“脱靴格”等,是把要镶嵌的文字顺序镶嵌在上下联语末尾的一种格式。它也比较突出显眼,运用者也多。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">士不忘丧其</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">元</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">公胡为改其</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">度</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">李元度系曾国藩的部将,屡为太平军所击败。在衢州一役,李军伤亡惨重,有人将其名嵌于联尾,作此联以嘲讽之。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●魁斗格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓魁斗格,是将所要镶嵌的字顺序嵌于上联的联首和下联的联尾的一种镶嵌格式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"> <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">小</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">村雨过千丝绿;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">窄路花开数点</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">红</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">此联既暗隐人名“小红”于联中,又描绘了春天多雨、百花繁茂的景象,颇具情趣。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●蝉联格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">蝉联格与魁斗格相反,是将所要镶嵌的字顺序嵌于上联的联尾和下联的联首。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">香如兰蕙温如</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">玉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">云</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">想衣裳花想容。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">此联镶人名“玉云”于联尾联首,虽系相赠之戏作,但比喻、手法的巧用,使联语颇富浪漫色彩。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●云泥格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓云泥格,是指将所要镶嵌的字,顺序镶嵌于上联的第二字和下联的倒数第二字的一种镶嵌格式。</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□□□□□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">□<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">饮</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">酒</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">愿人容我醉;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">怡情与子赏</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">花</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">开。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">此联一说饮酒,一道赏花,“酒、花”二字分嵌于上下联中,更能加深读者对联意的理解。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●碎锦格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">与上所述诸格顺序镶嵌不同,碎锦格是将所要镶嵌的字不拘次序地镶嵌在上下联的适当位置中,且上下联镶嵌的字,也不一定要相对或相等。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">壁图书</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">尽剑;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">半月行</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">李</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">张</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">琴。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">该联交叉镶嵌“张三李四”,不愧碎锦格之佳作。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">●晦明格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓晦明格,是指将所要镶嵌的字,在上联暗示,下联明嵌;或者上联明嵌,下联暗示的一种镶嵌格式。如刘振威先生所作一联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">携</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">酒</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">与鱼游赤壁;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">随</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">蜂</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">伴</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">蝶</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">赏</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">东篱</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">上联明嵌一“酒”字,下联借“蜂”、“蝶”、“东篱”隐示一“花”字,一明一晦,令人回味。</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">上述诸联除单独运用外,还可以综合运用。比如蔡锷将军赠“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">小凤仙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">”一联,便合用了“鹤膝格”与“雁足格”:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">有美一人</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">凤</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">兮</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">凤</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">与卿同梦</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">仙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">乎</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">仙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">竖镶除了上述种种格式外,还有一种插嵌,是将多个要镶嵌的字,有规则插入联语之中,像前面所举的镶嵌年号联就是典型的一例。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:15.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">递嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓递嵌,是指将一个词语顺次在上下联中各横嵌一部分,使上下联嵌入之词合起来成为一个完整的意思。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:15.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">民</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">犹是也,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">国</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">犹是也,何分南北?<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">总</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">而言之,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">统</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">而言之,不是东西! </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这副楹联顺次递嵌“民国总统”,针对袁世凯篡夺辛亥革命成果,做了窃国大总统,骂他不是个东西。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>5</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">.&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">省嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓省嵌,就是将一个名词的主要部分镶嵌于联中的一种镶嵌格式。如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">博</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">济群伦</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">挺</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">身为民主,惊传凶讯增悲痛;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">发</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">扬正义</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">飞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">楫载和平,岂意黑茶赋招魂。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>1946</span>年<span>4</span>月<span>8</span>日,博古、叶挺、邓发、王若飞等一行<span>13</span>人由重庆回延安途中,不幸飞机在山西兴县黑茶山失事。噩耗传来,全国震悼,该联是八路军西安情报处的同志写的一副楹联,联中的“博、挺、发、飞”分别为上述四人名之省嵌。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>6. </span>叠嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  所谓叠嵌,就是将两个或两个以上的名称交叉重叠地镶嵌于联语中的一种镶嵌方式。如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">冬夜灯下,夏侯氏读《</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">春秋传</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">》;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">东门楼上,南京人唱《</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">北西厢</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">》。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  在这副楹联中,“春秋”交叉重叠共享,它一作“春夏秋冬”中的“春秋”,一作书名《春秋传》中的“春秋”;“北西”同理,一作方位中的“北西”,一作杂剧剧名《北西厢》中的“北西”,《北西厢》即《西厢记》,因后来李日华作《南西厢记》,便有人称王实甫所作为《北西厢》。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">7</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">暗嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓暗嵌,是指将所要镶嵌之名改变形式镶嵌于联中的一种镶嵌方式。如: </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">少目</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">焉能评文字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">欠金</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">岂可望功名。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">横披:口大欺天<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">清朝乾隆年间,直隶学士吴省钦主持乡试,贪脏受贿,录取不才。落第生员愤而在试场门口贴出此联。上联暗嵌“省”字(少目合而为省),下联暗嵌“钦”字(欠金合而为钦),横披暗嵌“吴”字(口天合而为吴)。联语使吴省钦的劣迹昭然若揭,声名狼迹,引起全城轰动。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>8</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">对嵌<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">所谓对嵌,是指在上下联中均衡镶嵌词汇的一种镶嵌方式,上面所列举的嵌名联皆是,不再重复。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>9. </span>单嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  顾名思义,单嵌就是只在上联或下联中镶嵌名称。如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">人自玉堂来,吏亦称仙原不俗;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">神从金马至,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">民</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">能使</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">富</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">莫忧贫。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  这副楹联传为林则徐赠到云南富民县作官者叶某的,联语仅在下联中镶嵌“富”、“民”二字,以扣合县名。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>10.</span>顺嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  所谓顺嵌,是指将名称从右到左(注意:粘贴对联,右为上联),从上到下镶嵌于联中的一种镶嵌方式。如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">才子重文章,凭他二赋八诗,都争传</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">苏东坡</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">西</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">游赤壁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">英雄造时势,待我三年两载,必艳说</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">湖南客</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">小</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">住黄州</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  这是黄州苏东坡纪念馆二赋堂前圆柱上所悬黄兴撰写的楹联,联中顺次镶嵌着“苏东坡游赤壁”、“湖南客住黄州”,古今对比,气势不凡。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  <span>11.</span>反嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  所谓反嵌,是指将名称不按从右到左、从上到下的次序镶嵌,而是反序镶嵌。如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">丛</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">人</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">影</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">弓</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">地</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">面春风</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">月</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">天</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  这副楹联中镶嵌“天地人”和“一二三四”,只有借助倒读、反读才能读出所镶嵌的文字。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">12.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">综合嵌 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">综合镶嵌,就是几种镶嵌方式的综合运用。比如:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">韩愈</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">送穷,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">刘伶</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">醉酒;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">江淹</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">作赋,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">王粲</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">登楼。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">这副楹联综合运用了整嵌和竖嵌两种方式,在整嵌了四个文豪大名的同时,不露痕迹地兼用了竖嵌中的“鹤顶格”和“凤尾格”,在联首和联尾嵌入了“韩江酒楼”,达到了炉火纯青的艺术高度。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">学习这些不仅对提高我们欣赏历来名家之名联,和别人运用之佳绩有帮助,对提高我们自己的创作水平亦会有不小的裨益。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">13. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">玻璃对及玻璃字集<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">本节介绍另一种特殊的对联形式:玻璃对。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">使用对称技法的对联就叫玻璃对。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">汉字字形的形式美之一便是字形的对称。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">就字型而言,上、下或左、右字型结构基本对称一致的,造成字本身的一种形态美。这样的字用篆书写在玻璃上,无论正看、反看字体均相同。如“大”、“文”、“因”、“天”等等。这样的字就叫“玻璃字”。使用玻璃字制作的对联叫玻璃对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  有一玻璃对联这样写道:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">山中日出;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">水里风来。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  清代梁章巨《楹联续语》中说:吴山尊学士,始出意制玻璃联子。一片光明,雅可赏玩。玻璃联因用篆字书于玻璃上,选字必须要求对称统一,以达正反如一。这副对联,简</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">练精短,用词严谨,而且符合玻璃对的基本要求,是一副极妙的绝对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">来看下联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">文同画竹两三个;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">丁固生</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">松</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">十八公。<span style="color:fuchsia;">(松——篆字“</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">枀</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">”)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此联载于清人李伯元的《南亭四话》,联语中的文同为宋代大画家.以善画竹和山水着称。“两三个”是指竹叶,恰似“个”字。丁固为三国时吴国人,初仕尚书,因梦松树生于腹上,便对人说:“松字拆开乃十八公也,再过十八年我当为公。”后果官至司徒(汉时称司马、司徒、司空为三公),此联不仅反正皆宜,且用典自然,可称形式与内容完美统一。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下面一联出句为<span>1990</span>年辽宁营口市环保局等单位联合征联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">山水田林,至营口宜赏美景;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">蚕桑米果,出盖县富甲关东。<span style="color:fuchsia;">(东——</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">東</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">出句写营口市的环境特点,对句写盖县(营口辖)的农土特产。对句在句式、词性等方面与出句基本相对,用玻璃对式相对,实属不易。</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">再看一联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">风雨同舟 直入云天当一笑<span style="color:fuchsia;">(当——</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">當</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">)</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">夫妻共伞 齐安山水至百春<span style="color:fuchsia;">(妻——篆体中部从“曰”)</span><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如此种种,可见一斑。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">值得说明的是,许多玻璃字都是按繁体(或异体)篆书汉字来说的,如上面联后所注。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">写玻璃对,需要知道哪些字是玻璃字。有人整理了玻璃字集可供查询。请参见资料。要说明的是,有的字看似非玻璃字,那是因为古有繁体字或异体字注于后,有的虽未加括号注明,都尽管使用。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">练习<span>12</span>:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">用“风雨”二字镶嵌成联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">(必作)按●鹤顶格、●燕颔格、●鸢肩格、●蜂腰格、●鹤膝格、●凫胫格、●雁足格,各拟一联。<span><br /> 2.</span>(选做)按●魁斗格、●蝉联格、●云泥格、●碎锦格(只要一个字在一联中,不拘位置)、●晦明格,各拟一联。<span><br /> 1.</span>试对玻璃对:(查阅《玻璃字集》)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">出句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;">日出中天雲萬里</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">自设景物,拟制玻璃对一副。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">(由于玻璃字都是对繁体字而言的,因此玻璃对宜转换为繁体字显示。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:&#718;&#805;;"></span> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:&#718;&#805;;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">14. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">第二章进阶篇小结<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:33pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">进阶篇的学习即将告一段落了,来说几句承上启下的话。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:33pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果你有机会进一步提高学习的话,随着你从必然王国到达自由王国,你会看到对联联律的规则是可宽可严的。这里就几个方面的情况先谈几点意见,供你参考。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:33pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">一<span>. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">对联的哪些要求一定要严,哪些要求可以放宽?<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:33pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对联和其他各种文学形式一样,有它自己的基本要素(或说特点)。如果完全不顾及这些要素,阉割这些基本要求,也就不能成其为真正的对联了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:34.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">入门篇在第</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">段“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对联五要素”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">中,谈了对联必须具备的五个基本的要素:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:53.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">字数相等;<span>&nbsp; 2.</span>内容相关;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:53.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">词性相当;<span>&nbsp; 4.</span>结构相称;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:53.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平仄相谐。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">字数相等的要求几乎没有放宽的时候,而余下四条“内容相关、词性相当、结构相称、平仄相谐”都有不同程度允许放宽的可能。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其中所谓平仄相对,是说在上下联相同位置上的字,平仄要相对。不可能也没必要每一个字的平仄都相对。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">二<span>. </span>对联的什么地方一定要严,什么地方可以放宽?<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上、下联的最后一个字即句脚的字,应当从严。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上联最后一个字必须是“仄”声字,下联最后一个字必须是“平”声字,也就是仄起平收,这一点应该从严。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有些对联出于意思表达的需要,故意将仄收句置下,亦可。如:前面例举过的:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">前年杀吴禄贞,去年杀张振武,今年杀宋教仁;<span>//</span>你说是洪述祖,他说是赵秉钧,我说是袁世凯;士不忘丧其元<span>/</span>公胡为改其度;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">等。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">词组的最后一个字应当从严。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">词组是汉语的基本单元,也是对联的基本单位。大多由两字或三字组成。凡由二或三字组成的词或词组<span>,</span>最后一个字平仄相对可使得对联颂读时<span>,</span>获得最佳的音乐美。因此应当从严掌握。而由单字组成的词<span>,</span>应参照“一、三、五不论,二、四、六分明”的原则,允许适当放宽。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">词组又有几种情况要酌情考虑:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>1</span>)实用对联中如果要用到成语,则应适当放宽。因为有相当多的成语,自身没有没有平仄交替。如:黔驴技穷、貌合神离、愚公移山、力争上游、精打细算、群策群力等。<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span>2</span>)实用对联中如果要用到时新的、外来的或者专业词组,则应适当放宽。如:五讲四美、精神文明、八荣八耻、社会主义、经济体制、发展是硬道理、实践检验真理等。过分强调平仄交替,就会无法用及了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">实用联中,以上两条遇到三连平或三连仄的问题时,一样可以放宽。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">复句每一句上下联的句脚字,平仄相反,这一规则应当从严。因此字数超过<span>11</span>字的长联,其中每句的最后一个字也是应当从严的。这实际上只是扩展了词组的上述要求。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">综上归纳到一点,就是在诵读音节的节奏点上,平仄一定要从严掌握。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">除此之外的平仄相对的要求,除不能造成孤平<span>/</span>孤仄、三平尾、三仄尾的情况下,都是允许放宽的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">三<span>. </span>什么对联要严,什么对联可以放宽?<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一般来说,除非已经制定了规则,否则:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">纯为练习或竞赛的诗钟联往往从严,而以娱乐为目的的谐趣联、游戏联可以放宽(此时,多为即兴之作,过于苛求,就无趣了);<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">文学创作联应当从严,实用联(春联、寿联、行业联、婚丧联等)可以放宽;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">普通对联从严,无情对、机巧联可以放宽;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">(上述有些对联类型,下面提高篇会涉及到)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">值得说明的是,一些名家的优秀对联在许多方面<span>,</span>都是事实上已经放宽了的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-28 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">四<span>. </span>几点综合意见</span></b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有些人觉得对现成的出句比较容易,因为有出句词意词性的引导,而自己整个儿拟联就不知如何下手。其实,对联、拟联基本要领是一样的。首先造句一联,无非是把一句预先构思具有完整意念的散文句式改写成联句,上句或下句,再自对另一句而已。对完不满意再重新修改前一句,直至满意为止。散文句,由句子主要成分“主谓宾状”组成,联句也是这些成分,不过可以省略、倒装某些成分罢了。从这一情况来说,联句造句更加灵活方便。不过,其中也有一些约定俗成的习惯,例如那些成分能省略宜省略,并没有死的规定。要靠自己多看多对来体悟来积累,捷径也许是不多的。</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">初学对联,为了练习格律,最好先练工对(也称严式对)。也就是说,五个要素都尽量注意。待有了基础,按照允许放宽的地方,适当放宽。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">这就是“入门须正”的习常说法。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">学过古音入声字之后,应尽量按照古音使用入声字入联。遇到实在回避不了,如遇到“一、白、八、出、菊、失、学、夕、湿……”这些字,一定要按今音用作平声时,须在联末注明“今音”,而且整幅对联不得出现又用古音入声字的情况,否则违犯古今混用的规定。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">在掌握了对联格律,能够得心应手应用联律之后,对联的拟制与参与的对句,要注意意境的营造要有含蓄美,遣词造句时词汇的选择要多加斟酌:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">①<span>. </span>对句意境既不能完全混同于出句意境,造成合掌;又不能完全不相关造成“隔”的毛病。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">②<span>. </span>对句要完全避免出句使用过了的字、词,参阅入门篇有关重字的内容。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">③<span>. </span>联句要尽量避免完全直白的描述(这与古诗词的创作要求是一致的),以增加作品的魅力。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">④<span>. </span>题图联要尽量避免使用图中主题物的名称,以使其内容含蓄隽永,增加读者想象的空间。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">⑤<span>. </span>对联恰当用典,能使联意锦上添花。但一是不能勉强用,变成画蛇添足;二是不宜使用过于生僻的典故。过多使用僻典有卖弄之嫌。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-17 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">第<span>7</span>课次<span>&nbsp; </span>小结和综合练习<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-8.9pt;text-indent:11.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">13. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">复习<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">入门篇即将结束的时候,再补充与强调如下几点。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1.&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">五、七言对联正格的基本格式(共四种),一定要熟记于心,而且在对联中要能有意识地应用和检查核对,包括看别人的对联,能知道对与错,这是一项最重要的基本功。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一些学友常常出错,有的不是不记得,是不敏感,一疏忽只注意了立意构思,就忘了格律而出错!要多多训练,才能熟能生巧。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2.&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">关于变格,不要简单背记“<span>135</span>不论,<span>246</span>分明”。前面已有详述,这里不再重复。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有一点需要强调归纳一下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“<span>*</span>仄<span style="color:red;">仄</span>平<span style="color:red;">仄</span>仄平”<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">不管第一字是否平,这是一个孤平句。你如果采取:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄 <span style="color:red;">#</span>平 <span style="color:red;">*</span>仄平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">135</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">不论,<span>246</span>分明的通式来记忆的话,就必须记住下表:<span></span></span></b> </p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="79" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">情形<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一字<span> *</span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="96" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第三字 <span style="color:red;">#</span><span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="96" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第五字<span style="color:red;"> *</span><span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="276" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">说明<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="79" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">①<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="84" rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">仄可平<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="96" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="96" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">仄 <span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="276" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">基本式<span>&nbsp; </span>正格或变格<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="79" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">②<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="96" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="276" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">可用但中间三连平,音步不协,尽量不用(即第<span>3</span>字为平,第<span>5</span>字不要平)<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="79" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">③<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="96" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">仄<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="96" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">仄<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="276" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">孤平句,不允许使用<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="79" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">④<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="96" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平 <span></span></span></b> </p> </td> <td width="276" valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">自救,可以用了。③必须自救为④<span></span></span></b> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">即第三字为仄,必须第五字为平才能本句自救。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">3.&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">格律只是形式与规则,意境才是对联的灵魂。对已有的出句,可按出句(要区分出的是上联,还是下联)已经提供的思路来引申、联想,而得到关联的对句,再进行修改(包括格律和意境两个方面)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">如果是独立拟联,就要根据已经提供的图象、嵌入文字,或者文字标明的要求,先设计一联。可以先拟上联,也可以根据偶得好的想法而先有下联。再进行对句拟制。在此过程中,可以根据<span style="color:red;">对句求对</span>的需要,再反过去<span style="color:red;">修改出句</span>。两联综合调整修改,尽量保留那些独到的好的创意。直到两联都满意为止。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">4.&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">有些学员说,参加对句时,自己肚子空,想不出什么词汇来组词造句构筑意境。这方面其实并没有什么捷径可循。只能多看对韵资料,多看多对,经过时间的积累,自然容易联想形成对句的腹稿。但要说明,拟联一般不是先有词句再凑意象,而是先有起意(意境)的思维意象而后再找词语进行描述的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;">把名家拟制的名联,和参与对仗的好句,留存作为参考,也是一个好的方法。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p> <br /> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">思考题:参与对句的思维顺序是怎样的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">练习<span>7</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">14. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">第一章入门篇自我测验<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;text-indent:-32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">一.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">背出七言、五言律句式对联的正格谱式(<span>5*4=20</span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">七言平起:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">七言仄起<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">五言平起<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">五言仄起<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;text-indent:-32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">二.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">指出下列对联有哪些不当或失律,并改正(<span>5*4=20</span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">云深难隐月</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">雨住可见山<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">四方青山三面水<span>/</span>一轮明月半杯天<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">转眼霜风频剪叶<span>/</span>敲窗夜雨骤添冷<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">4. 烟岫寒鸦小/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">荷下弱波平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;text-indent:-32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">三.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对句 (<span>5*8=40</span>分)(要求自己写成标准格式)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">1. </span></b><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">花香鸟语人欢畅</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(或做:</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">斜风细雨莺啼柳</span></b><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)</span></strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">2. </span></b><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">山色清幽临海岸 </span></strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">3. 小径苔痕绿</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">4. </span></b><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">长林有绿方留鸟</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">十里荷香香引客<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">6. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">皓月映千江</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">7. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">月来花入梦</span></b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">8. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">雪映红梅千岭艳 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">四、 按图和网名拟联(共<span>20</span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(以下两题要求:五言、七言不限,平起仄起不限,正格变格不限。但要求意境连贯和谐,不隔不合掌。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">按下列二图各拟联一副。(<span>5*2=10</span>分)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">(不要只根据画面拟制,要充分发挥合理的想象拟人地来拟制。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">①. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">双树</span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;"></span> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">晨渡</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">下面是青诗群里<span>8</span>位诗友网名中的核心二字(括弧内其他字不用),请你从中挑选二位为他(或她)以凤顶格嵌名各拟联一副。<span style="color:purple;"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(<span>5*2=10</span>分)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">一<span>/</span>归、夜<span>/</span>空、(品)春<span>/</span>秋、(家有)龙<span>/</span>凤、风<span>/</span>雨(过后),花<span>/</span>(与)树(的完美)、风<span>/</span>云,云<span>/</span>霞、海<span>/</span>歌、雪<span>/</span>松。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">(此次测验,能得<span>65</span>分者,入门算过关。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-14 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果你只关注荒野、树木、茅舍,就失去图像表达的中心了。图的核心部分是有一个老者斜卧在草棚里休憩打盹。就算他是在修炼而进入梦境吧,于是可以题一联如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">上联:缱绻秋风凝暮色<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">下联:孤清老道梦仙音<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-14 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <br /> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b>&nbsp;</b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">12. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">嵌名对联<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">嵌名对联是将预设的人名(网名)或者指定的词汇,镶嵌到上下联的相应部位中去的一种对联格式。这种形式早就有,但在网络论坛里为轻松气氛,联络情感很是盛行。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">嵌名对联嵌入的文字可以在上、下联的同一对应部位,也可以在不同部位。因嵌入在不同部位,有不同的嵌入格式名称。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如最常见的,嵌在上、下联的第一个字处,叫“凤顶格”:<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">□□□□□□<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">□□□□□□<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">嵌在第二个字处,叫“燕颔格”:<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">□□□□□<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">□</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;">嵌</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">□□□□□<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其他依次并列往后嵌,以及交错嵌在不同部位的,还有很多种嵌入法,在中级班时再一一介绍。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">嵌名对联最重要的要求,是嵌入的字要与其他文字有机组合,意境完整,不能生插硬塞。所谓天衣无缝才是最佳的境界。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">嵌名对联还要注意的两点是:<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">严肃的赠人嵌名联,应当尽量使用褒词、褒义,而避免贬词、贬义。美好的寓意,能增进友谊。如果你是用于嬉闹打诨,就另当别论了。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">应把指定的字(最好是偶数个字),平均镶嵌在上下联的对应位置处,并且按音步把嵌入的字分开,否则为失对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果一定要嵌入奇数个字,多出的一个字要仔细处理,以与另一联相对仗。例如要嵌入“潇湘神”这个网名,按</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">21</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">结构只能拆成“潇湘</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">神”,在嵌名对联中,处理成“潇湘</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">之神”会使对仗失律,可以处理成“潇湘</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">神也”。有的也可以采取将多字的一边省略一字或数字的办法,权宜处理。可省略的字一般用括弧标出,例如“柒柒(的)探戈、青诗(小)慕容、书生(洗碗)亮亮、”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">由于名字属于专用名词,其中的非名词类词,可放宽视作名词,相应的词组结构同样可以放宽,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">按照<span>22</span>结构拆开嵌入上下联的相应位置,就认为它是并列合成名词或短语而对仗的。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">但是双字词的第</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">字平仄应该是错开的才好成对。例如“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">云山遐迩、江州司马、偶上楼台、寒塘鹊影、今晨飘雨、舒山云隐、萸江舍予、潇湘闲士、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">陋之安者、大有真无、桓簃居士</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”等。如果第</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">字平仄相同,或者字数多难以都嵌入的话,就只能就中取单字来嵌入了。如:“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">湘<span>/</span>(雅居)士、(望)湘<span>/</span>(痴)人、湘<span>/</span>(里伢)子、莲(的)<span>/</span>心(事)、(离不开)水<span>/</span>(的)鱼……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果难以取舍,就得与本人协商了。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">不合适的对法,举一例,如有人为“杨丽华”作嵌名联:<span><br /> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">杨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">柳</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">丽华</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">欢快舞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">海棠璀灿畅悠扬</span></b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"></span> </b> </p> <p style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">三字全部嵌入上句,这样嵌显然不妥。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">如果要嵌入的名字是“某儿”或者别的类似“儿”这样的字,采用凤顶格,“儿”字就不好处理,容易造成不恭。这就要慎重斟酌。例如有人给“雪儿”嵌名:<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;">雪</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">飘云路新梅绽;<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:red;">儿</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;">上联坛雅韵连。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">这个“儿”有叫人“儿子”之嫌,就有些不妥。调整的方法有二种:一是后面做特殊处理,如某人嵌“冬儿”一联:<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">冬</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">飞瑞雪梅千点<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">儿</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">献蟠桃寿万年<span><br /> </span>  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联由“三个儿子都作贼,偷来仙桃献寿星”中化出,就很好。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">二是不用凤顶格,而把“儿”字往后移(如“魁斗格”):<span><br /> </span><span style="color:blue;">  </span><span style="color:red;">冬</span><span style="color:blue;">梅傲雪妆娇女<span><br /> </span>  夜月临风浴健</span><span style="color:red;">儿</span><span style="color:blue;"><br /> </span><span style="color:blue;">  </span>当然,如果是熟人戏水,图个开心,亦无不可。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这里介绍几个本人在另一论坛为网友写的嵌名对联供大家参考。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">水心</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:28.1pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">水</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">涨山溪溪</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">水</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">漫<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:28.1pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">心</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">牵网友友</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">心</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">悠<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">夜雨梧桐<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:28.1pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">夜雨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">敲窗寻故友<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:28.1pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">梧桐</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">掬泪等知音</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">月光<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:28.1pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">月</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">朗星稀妆夜色<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:28.1pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">光</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">移影动酿诗情</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:red;">青梅</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:blue;">&nbsp; </span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:28.1pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:fuchsia;">青</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:blue;">山不老多争媚<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:28.1pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">梅</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">蕊常新少自轻</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">风舞烟(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">飘</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"> </span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">风舞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">云霞春正好<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">烟飘</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">水雾梦犹酣<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">香气美人<span> </span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">香气</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">氲氤</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">弥广道</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;color:blue;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">美人</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">蹀躞踱幽村</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">青岛<span>-</span>赵淑敏、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">淑<span style="color:#4C33E5;">雅</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><span style="color:#4C33E5;">如</span>缘金玉树</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">敏<span style="color:#4C33E5;">娴</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"><span style="color:#4C33E5;">似</span>得米粮川</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">思考题:<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">多写题图对联有什么好处。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">写嵌名联的要点是什么。<span></span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">练习</span></b><b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:purple;">6</span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">为下图题联一幅。 (<u><span><a href="http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B0%D7%BA%C9%BB%A8&in=24752&cl=2&cm=1&sc=0&lm=-1&pn=17&rn=1&di=1559914361&ln=428"><span style="color:windowtext;"><span>荷花2.jpg</span></span></a></span></u>)<u><span></span></u></span></b> </b> </p> <p> <br /> </p> <p> <br /> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">下面是青诗群里<span>8</span>位诗友网名中的核心二字(括弧内其他字不用),请你从中挑选三到四位为他(或她)以凤顶格嵌名各拟联一副。<span style="color:purple;">(至少完成三副。)<span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">江<span>/</span>水(或“江水<span>/</span>清清”),山<span>/</span>水(悟道),鹤<span>/</span>影(或“寒塘<span>/</span>鹤影”), 剑<span>/</span>(与)琴。琴/心(或“冰魄<span>/</span>琴心”)、云<span>/</span>心、雨<span>/</span>荷、舒<span>/</span>儿。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">11. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">题图对联<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">题图对联是按给定的一副画面(一般是国画)题配的对联,与题图诗词的意境要求一样。是过去文人雅士常乐于创作的形式。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">题图对联拟制的练习,由于有图中意境的提示,因而有助于无图想象时对联拟制或对句创作水平的提高。所以初学对联时,多参与题图对联创作是有好处的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">题图对联相当于命题联。有画中意境提示,易得主题思想要领的好处,对初学者上路的一条捷径;对训练有素的人来说,可能也有人也会觉得有画中意境局限,不易放开思路的缺点。对前者而言,要充分利用其好处,习惯于观图写意与观图遐想,来提高对句水平。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古来,题配的画以山水画居多,也有为人物画题句的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">与题画的绝句、律诗(也有词作的)一样,题配的对联要能与画面契合、协调,起到画龙点睛的作用。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">题画的对联,与题画的绝句相比,还少一半的容量。更需高度凝练。既要状景,更要写意。把画面希望表达的意境,形象、生动地表现出来。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">题画对联要能抓住画面的主题意境并进行一定合理的想象,使画面表达的意象有所延展和开拓。所以题画对联也可以说是对画作作品的一次再创作。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有的朋友常说自己词汇缺乏,临时总想不出用什么词来表述。这并没有什么特殊的诀窍。开始时可能不易得要领,练习多了,就会驾轻就熟。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">我们试举一例:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">为下面山水图题图写意:(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;">见:国画山水图<span>4.jpg</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <br /> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这样的山水图是最常见的。这个图上,有高峰,有远山,有渡口,有浩渺的江面。你可以设法把这些核心词组织进一幅七言对联中去。例如我们可以题句如下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">上联:奇峰秀色千山远<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">下联:古渡新粼一水悠<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">也可以进一步发挥想象,用代词把作者自己摆进去,如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">上联:峰缠老树谁能伴<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">下联:楫带轻涟我愿随<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">又如下面这幅山水国画(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;">见:国画山水图<span>1.jpg</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">图中近处松树、垒石;中间静静的一条大江;对岸还有层层远去的远山。这些景物没必要也不可能面面俱到,抓住最主要的就可以了。可以题联如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">上联:双松侧立迎来客<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">下联:一水中流载去舟<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">又如这幅图中:<span></span></span></b> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">9. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">“严”与“宽”的掌握<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">学对联,立刻就遇到一个“宽与严”的问题。严格按照“五要素”实现“工整”对仗,即格律十分工整的对联,叫“严式对”,也叫“工对”;“五要素”满足得不是很好的对联,叫“宽对”。“工对”还是“宽对”,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">是就对联满足五个基本要素</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">的严格程度来区分的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“宽严”如何掌握呢?这里给出一些普遍的原则。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">初学对联应从严,先进行“工对”训练,以求打好基础。即所谓“入门须正”;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:34.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">五要素中,第一条,字数一致;第五条平仄相谐,特别是上联“仄收”,下联“平收”要从严。此外,正格和变格的可能体式都算是工的(要注意,“宽”或“严”,要与“正格”、“变格”的概念相区别!)。只有余下的</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二<span>.</span>内容相关;第三<span>.</span>词性相当;第四<span>.</span>结构相称,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这三条的掌握上,才有放寛的可能。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">在应用上,文学联应从严;实用联(春联、囍联、寿联、行业联等)可宽,还有一些特殊要求的对联,如“谐趣联”、“谜语联”等,可以放宽。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">从联句的成份上来说,句子的主要成份做主语、谓语的名词、动词,要从严;次要成份的补语、状语、宾语,可适当放宽。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">从词性上来说,实词应从严,虚词可放宽:实词中,名词、动词、代词应从严,形容词、数词、量词可放宽;虚词中:连词、拟声词应从严,副词、介词、助词、叹词可放宽。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下面举一些例子来说一说。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">先举一个文学联,文学联常可作为名胜的楹联:<span style="color:red;"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">竹因临水情斯畅;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">兰以当风气亦和。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">联句上下第一字“竹”、“兰”均为草木类名词;第二字“因”、“以”均为介词;第三字“临”、“当”均为动词;第四字“水”、“风”均为天文、地理类名词;第五字“情”、“气”均为人文类名词;第六字“斯”、“亦”均为助词;第七字“畅”、“和”二字均为形容词。三个条件满足得非常好,故为工对。<span><br /> </span>  再如,杭州越秀山镇海楼联:<span>&nbsp;<span style="color:blue;"> </span><span style="color:red;"></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">急水与天争入海;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">乱云随日共沉山。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上下联首字“急”、“乱”均为形容词;第二字“水”、“云”均为天文名词;第三字“与”、“随”均为动词;第四字“天”、“日”为天文名词;第五字“争”、“共”均为副词;第六字“入”、“沉”均为动词;第七字“海”、“山”均为地理名词。对仗也是极工的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">另外,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">孤舟拖碎影<span>/</span>满月戏轻云(暮雨罩荒村)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"><a href="http://www.lang5.com/bbs/thread-19362-1-1.html"><span style="color:fuchsia;text-decoration:none;"><span>一窗秋<span>月<span>白</span></span></span></span></a>/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">满垄夕阳红<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">雨戏花含泪<span>/</span>风撩叶点头<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"><a href="http://www.lang5.com/bbs/thread-18795-1-1.html"><span style="color:fuchsia;text-decoration:none;"><span>闲笔勾山月</span></span></a>/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">拙诗写性情</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <strong><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">几缕花香来陋室<span>/</span>一弯月影上寒窗<span></span></span></strong> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">柳线垂帘风落幕<span>/</span>云衫解带雨敲弦</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"><a href="http://www.lang5.com/bbs/thread-19772-1-1.html"><span style="color:fuchsia;text-decoration:none;"><span>老院无香苔自绿</span></span></a>/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">新篱有色菊犹黄<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">轻舟暂泊烟云渡<span>/</span>古寺长居雾雨村<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">山顶云霞推墨雨<span>/</span>溪头蒲柳掩云舟<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">松云半榻邀来鹤<span>/</span>雾雨一帘送过莺<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">身在尘中如过客<span>/</span>心关世外似游仙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">人行四水心才阔<span>/</span>鸟越千山羽更丰<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">润笔含冰诗溅玉<span>/</span>书文用典意藏龙<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">大地披红辞旧岁<span>/</span>小区炫彩闹新春。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这些对句大抵都是工对的,放宽的地方也都是次要之处。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">名词的义类相对在“工对”中是至关重要的,比如,在出句中有“风雨”一词,首先要考虑到“风雨”是天文类名词,仄声,并列结构,在对句中必须用天文类名词对仗,而且要以平声的并列结构属对。比如,可以选用“星辰”、“冰霜”、“云霞”(均“<span>00</span>”)等相对。如用“日月”(<span>11</span>),则为平仄失对。如“晚霞”、“星光”是偏正结构,如用之则犯了结构失调之错。如用“山河”属对,则不为工对,只能算作宽对了。如用“鱼龙”相对,则犯异类相对的弊病,虽宽也还算可以。<span><br /> </span>  在对仗中,句法、结构相同的语句相对仗是较普遍的。如谢贞、王籍诗句联:<span>&nbsp; <br /> </span> <span style="color:red;"> 风定花犹落;<span><br /> </span>  鸟鸣山更幽。<span><br /> </span></span>  有一些文学联用于文学作品中,其对仗只是字面相对,并不一定在句法、结构上相同,如下联:<span><br /> </span><span style="color:blue;">  </span><span style="color:maroon;">永忆江湖归白发;</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">(此例中“白”算仄声,与入门篇规定不符)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">  欲回天地入扁舟。<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">  </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">句中出句的“白发”不是“归”的直接宾语,“归白发”实际上是“白发归”的倒装句,对句的“扁舟”则是“入”的直接宾语。而且“白”颜色形容词与“扁”形状形容词也略有不同,虽不甚工,由于意境表达的需要,放宽要求也可成对。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-12 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">10. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对联意境的营造<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对联的拟制或参与对句,和诗词创作一样,也是一个文学创作的过程。有写景状物,有情感表达。写景状物有对景物的欣赏热爱,也有自己的情感寄托。僵死的描写是没有生命力的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">因此我们在拟制对联或参与对句时,一定要赋予自然景物灵性,通过拟人的表现手法,达到要宣示的主题思想。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">要表达的情感思想,当然不止是欣赏和热爱,同样也可以是厌恶和鞭笞。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古典文学善于表达含蓄美。无论何种情感都不会是白描的。而是通过作者眼中景物蕴含的情感特色。来巧妙映射的。因此,你所选择的词、词组和句式结构既要能够符合对联的格律,又要合乎事物的常理和你要营造的意象。达到你所设计的艺术效果。两者都要兼顾,不要忽视任何一方。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">初学对联拟制或对句时,可能偏重于符合格律,对于意境可能不够讲究,这是无妨的。但是,有了一定基础之后,为使联句生动有活力,意境的营造就不可马虎。可宽可严之处,有时要有意适当放宽,不要以辞害义,成了僵化的死联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">在求对时,琢字要贴切。古人云:“选字无垠,用字有师”即是这个道理。初学者要多看、多写、多练。如无必要,暂时找不到好句以对时,哪怕暂时不参与对句,也不要勉强凑一句挂上。难的先放下来,以后再说。拟制成联时,卡在中间久不成句,就当另起“炉灶”另创意。写作的艺术是提炼的艺术。写作的过程是提炼的过程,只要我们多多实践,多多练习,就会熟能生巧,功到自然成,达到出口成对。<span>&nbsp;</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">以下这些,也是敝人参与对句的部分对联,列此供你参考。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">云催墨雨千山冷<span>/</span>日照红霞万物新。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">月栈云梯天闭户<span>/</span>山帷雾帐地铺床。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">夕阳不欲青山挽<span>/</span>明月难将好梦留。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">雨打平湖千万曲<span>/</span>风吹乱柳二三层 。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">云牵淡月星含笑<span>/</span>树捧青峰雨绕行。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">柳掩江边渡<span>/</span>云吞坳里村。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">一径春风轻剪柳<span>/</span>几行乳燕巧拨云。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">小柳垂钩莺把钓<span>/</span>轻风引耙燕牵耘。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">平桥雨过千丝柳<span>/</span>峡谷风来几树莺。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">流云泊月江心淡<span>/</span>滞水藏天眼底清。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">风梳柳发(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">发按仄声</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)江留影<span>/</span>雨涤山衫雾隐形。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">秋风拂木萧萧落<span>/</span>旭日推云踽踽行。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">帆带青山转<span>/</span>岸牵碧水流。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">云卧青山静<span>/</span>雨飞绿野平。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">舟行暮色屏风里<span>/</span>燕吮春香画卷中。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">空山鸟语花间月<span>/</span>峡谷松涛寺里僧。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">奉茶迎过客<span>/</span>温酒待归人。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">深闺寂寞佳人泪<span>/</span>陋室悠闲雅客诗。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">平川开远势<span>/</span>碧野展</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">竑濛</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">青山有意长铺画<span>/</span>碧水无心巧作文。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">街为夜色添虹袖<span>/</span>树倚春光着绿衣。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">邀得青山同一坐<span>/</span>牵来碧水共偕行。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">深谷幽兰谁识韵<span>/</span>高山流水我知音。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">浓云缠淡月<span>/</span>喜鹊嫁孤松。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:45.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">思考题:严式对(工对)与宽对的区别是什么。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:purple;">练习<span>5</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">(尽量按工对完成下面对句)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:春色暖人间 (要求对上句,写成上仄收下平收的标准形式)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:窗明几净梅花影<span>&nbsp; </span><span style="color:fuchsia;">(注意:“几”是“茶几”的几,名词)<span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:雨过天晴云万里<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">小池映月亭前柳</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">出句:蝉鸣蛙鼓荷塘月<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-05 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">7. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对联要点的顺口溜<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">为了简要记忆对联的基本要领,有人编写了下面的顺口溜。可以作为简单的口诀,来建立对联要领的一个笼统认识。录在这里供大家参考:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">名对名,动对动,<span> <br /> </span>实对实来虚对虚,<span> <br /> </span>数字上下两相望,<span> <br /> </span>词类相当结构同。 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(结构是指音律音步)<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">上下两句字数等,<span> <br /> </span>之间莫有虫子现。 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(“虫子”谐音“重字”)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">一声二声我说平, </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">指普通话中的一声和二声<span>)</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">三声四声他言仄。 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">指普通话中的三声和四声<span>)</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">上句我用仄作尾,<span> <br /> </span>下联他以平来结。<span> <br /> </span>三平尾,三仄尾, </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(指上联或下联中,最后的三个字) </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">对联忌讳不可要。<span> <br /> </span>一三五位可不论, </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(一三五,指上联或下联中,排位是奇数的字)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">二四六字巧分明。 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(二四六,指上联或下联中,排位是偶数的字)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"> <br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">一三五, 天下汉字任我用。 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(这话要辩证理解)<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">二四六, 他说平来我说仄, 他说仄来我说平。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">细敲平仄费心机,<span> <br /> </span>朗朗上口成好联。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">以上顺口溜,之所以说只能用于帮助记忆的参考,而不能作为准则。原因上一节说过了。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-05 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">8. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">五言律句式的对联基本格式<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第五节已经指出:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">最常见的对联格式与律诗中的颌联、颈联格式一致。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">因此,叫做律句式的对联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">律诗有七律、五律,相应的对联是七言、五言的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这一节来介绍五言律句式的对联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">五言律句式的对联与七言律句式的对联一样,也有两种相似的基本形式(称为“正格”):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一种:(平起)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">[</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">说明:“平起”、“ 仄起”的规定与前面的规定相同<span>]</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平平平仄仄<span>&nbsp; </span>(<span>00011</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">仄仄仄平平 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">(<span>11100</span>) </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(孤平不包括这种情形)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二种:(仄起)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">仄仄平平仄<span>&nbsp; </span>(<span>11001</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平平仄仄平<span>&nbsp; </span>(<span>00110</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">正格的这两种形式要记住。(<span style="color:maroon;">我们注意到:五言的格式就是七言格式去掉前二字的格式。</span>)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一种形式的例句,如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.1pt;text-indent:35.8pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">登楼迎暮色</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> (</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平平平仄仄<span style="color:red;"> &nbsp;</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">00011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.8pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">把酒慰斜阳</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"> (</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄仄仄平平 &nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">11100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二种形式的例句,如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古寺凭林隐</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄仄平平仄 &nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">11001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">幽泉侍月眠</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平平仄仄平 &nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">00110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">同样,五言律句式的对联除了正格。也有“变格”。<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“变格”,仍然不能违背避忌“孤平”、“三平尾”、“三仄尾”的原则。具体来说:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一种:(平起)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">#</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平 平仄仄<span>&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄 仄平平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:30.85pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">百花开盛世(仄平平仄仄 &nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">10011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">双燕入凡家(平仄仄平平</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"> &nbsp;<span>01100</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">桃花妆麓上</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(平平平仄仄 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">&nbsp;00011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:27.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">春色暖人间</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(平仄仄平平 &nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">01100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这一种变格其实只有第一个字可变。第三个字的变化会造成三仄尾、三平尾的状况,应为避忌。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二种:(仄起)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄 <span style="color:red;">#</span>平仄<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平 <span style="color:red;">*</span>仄平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其变格,有两种可能的形式,其一为正常变格的形式:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:41.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平仄 平平仄<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:41.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平平 仄仄平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:41.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下句不能为“仄平仄仄平”,这是孤平句。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:41.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其二为上句“小拗”下句相救的形式:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:41.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平仄仄平仄<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:41.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄平平仄平 (也可以不救为“平平仄仄平”)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:41.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上句不是韵脚句不算孤平,但不能为“仄仄仄平仄”(三连仄);下句为“仄平仄仄平”时,是孤平句。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">辅导:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">关于孤平与拗救的有关知识,初学者可能会觉得有些麻烦,可以逐步加深理解。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">孤平的定义与认定,目前学术界还存在一些争议。网上这类分析资料很多,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">这里介绍的是主流的观点,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">有兴趣了解更多的,可以自己去搜询。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">如上一节已经说过的,这些内容初学者可以先放一放,不求一下都能接受。</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;"></span></u></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:purple;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:purple;">练习<span>4</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">思考:为什么说</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">“一三五不论,二四六分明”的口诀,是不够严密的。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">仄起变格与平起变格字的可平可仄的区别在哪里。(可不必练习本上写出。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">请问下面</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">五言律句式的对联:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">布谷迎春叫<span>/</span>牵牛引富来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">丑时春入户<span>/</span>牛岁富临门<span><br /> 3.</span>欢度新春日<span>/</span>高歌小放牛<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">黄牛耕绿野<span>/</span>猛虎啸青山<span><br /> 5.</span>莺舞池边柳<span>/</span>鹊飞院外田<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">6.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">芳草水牛卧<span>/</span>古松仙鹤栖<span><br /> 7.</span>牵牛花报喜<span>/</span>布谷鸟催春<span><br /> 8.</span>燕翔芳草地<span>/</span>牛启艳阳天<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">属于第一种(平起)式的是<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">属于第二种(仄起)式的是<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">属于正格的是<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">属于变格的是<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">指出下面对联的问题:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">①<span>.</span>花开江左白雪尽<span>/</span>春到人间黄牛忙 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">②<span>.</span>犬吠柴门鸡伴唱<span>/</span>莺鸣垂柳燕穿虹<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">③<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">山外斜阳湖外雪<span>/</span>窗前流水枕边书<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">④<span>.</span>山含暖气千林翠<span>/</span>园啭莺声万花荣<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">应对:荷花湖畔柳丝长<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(这是出的下句,要你对上句。须写成标准形式如下。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">对句:<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></u></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(按</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">*1#0011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">出句:荷花湖畔柳丝长</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">0001100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">(提示:把“荷花湖”当成一个偏正短语来对待。)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">应对<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">出句:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">窗含翠岭山萦雾</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"> &nbsp;<span style="color:blue;">(</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">0011001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">对句:<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(按</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">1100110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)<u><span></span></u></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">对句:<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(按</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">*110010</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)<u><span></span></u></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">(萦:萦绕,动词;对句时注意“翠”是颜色形容词。要用颜色形容词来对。例如“红、黄、蓝、青、灰、紫、褐、绛”等字。熟悉入声字的学员,可以用入声字为仄声如:白、黑等)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p>
2016-11-05 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">6. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">两点重要说明</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">关于对联的基本知识,我们来 做如下几点说明。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1.<span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">一幅常规的对联,必然是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><i><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">上联落脚到仄声,而下联落脚到平声</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">不管是“正格”的七言律句式对联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平起第一种:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011001</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100110</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">还是仄起第二种:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">1100011</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">0011100</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">还是它们的“变格”,都符合这一规则。就是下面即将介绍的五言律句式对联,或是后面还要介绍的其他字数单句,或复句结构的对联,也都是符合这个规则的。传统的对联都是如此。应对时,当给出的是下联(平声落脚)的时候,则对句应为仄声落脚的上联。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">除非某些特定情形,按其意境转折的需要,必须上联落脚为平,下联落脚为仄,这是例外。这种例子也有,绝少。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“一三五不论,二四六分明”的口诀不能绝对理解。上联第<span>1</span>、<span>3</span>、<span>5</span>位上的字,特别是第<span>5</span>位上的字变了以后,可能要涉及到下联第<span>5</span>、<span>6</span>位上的字的相应改变,问题就较为复杂了。这个问题在我们的课程里,准备分“对联入门”、“对联进阶”、“近体诗”三次说完,以便于初学者不至于一下子陷于五里雾中。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“一三五不论,二四六分明”的口诀,对前四个字的影响暂时认为没问题。一旦有第<span>5</span>位上的字,参与变化情形就麻烦些了。平起、仄起四种正格句式的<span>5</span>、<span>6</span>、<span>7</span>字,正常分别为<span>001</span>、<span>110</span>、<span>011</span>、<span>100 </span>。离开正格的这个句型,句式就非正常而“拗”了,叫做“拗句”。拗句根据“拗”的程度(即离开“正格”的距离)分为三种:距离最小的叫做“小拗”,一般认为这种情形可以容忍,不必另外处置;距离中等的叫做“中拗”,一般认为这种情形要“自救”或者“对句救”;距离最远的叫做“大拗”,一般认为这种情形不能救,是不允许出现的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">我们以平起第一种来说:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平 <span>*</span>仄 <span style="color:red;">#</span>平仄<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄平平 <span style="color:red;">*</span>仄平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">其中上联的第一<span>#</span>、三<span>* </span>两字和下联的第一<span>*</span>字,可以任意改变,即可以“不论”。而第五字其实是不能任意改变的:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">两联的末尾:<span>001/110 </span>,这是“正格”:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“<span>#</span>平<span>*</span>仄平平仄”<span>/</span>“<span>*</span>仄平平仄仄平”<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">若上联第五字改为“仄”,末尾成为<span>101</span>,这是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“小拗”。两联的末尾是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">101/110 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——对句不救;也可以<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">101/010 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——予以对句相救。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">末尾是<span> 011 </span>时是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“中拗”,必须<span> 011/010 </span>对句相救。末尾成<span> 111 </span>是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“大拗”,出现三仄尾如同<span>000</span>三平尾一样,是无法相救而不能允许的。(古风里允许!)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联的第三字,暂时规定它只为平。若为仄,句式为:“<span>*</span>仄<span style="color:red;">仄</span>平 <span>*</span>仄平”,则可能会出现孤平的情况。<i><span style="color:purple;">(关于孤平的问题,进阶篇还会仔细讲解。这里在本节的附录中先给出一些常识性的介绍。)</span></i><span style="color:purple;"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">至于仄起第二种:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄<span> #</span>平 平仄仄<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平 <span>*</span>仄 仄平平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第五字在第六字不变的情况下,就完全不能变。否则会出现“平平平”尾对“仄仄仄”尾的情况,这是不能允许的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">如果五六两字同时变,则第三字为平,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">上联为:“<span>*</span>仄 平平 <span style="color:red;">仄平</span>仄”<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下联为:“平平 仄仄 <span style="color:red;">平仄</span>平”,这种句式有人说可以,有人认为不可以,初学者以不用为好。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">所以被人常说的</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“一三五不论,二四六分明”的口诀,正规联家是不主张重视的,我们不能机械地照搬照用。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“拗句”与“孤平”的规则,对联比诗词要求严格。因此,在对联学习时,搞清楚了,再学诗词就驾轻就熟了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">辅导:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">①<span>. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">拗句与救拗的问题,本节结合“一三五不论,二四六分明”的口诀,做了初步的介绍,在进阶篇还会进行一些补充说明。其主要原则与近体诗中的情形也是大体一致的,学习诗词时还会讲到。因此还有些不甚清楚也不太要紧。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">②<span>. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">关于孤平的初步知识。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">“孤平”是近体诗中对“韵脚句”存在重要缺陷的一种特定说法。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">由于五七言对联是借用的律诗句式,因此也就有“孤平”问题。需要说明。孤平是对一个完整的句子来说的。不是对某一个字而言。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">孤平的本来定义是:一个句子除平声韵脚字(尾字)之外,只有一个平声字,就叫此句为“孤平”句。但有另一种评判方法可能更易掌握:一个有韵脚字的句子(对对联而言就是平脚的下句),至少应有一处两个相连的平声字。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">“仄仄仄平仄仄平”、(对应的五言是“ 仄平仄仄平”)就是典型的孤平句。而“仄仄仄平平”不算。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">“平仄仄平仄仄平”这个句式也应属于孤平句,原因是两平声字没有相连。孤平句之所以应当避忌,是因为这种句型的平仄变化太少,古人都觉得它缺乏平仄变化应有的音韵美,因此要避免出现孤平。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">第<span>6</span>这一节的内容,以及以上这两点辅导知识,如果你能接受,那最好。如果一些初学者一下接受还有困难,那也不要紧,你可以先只按照正格来对句,待你有一定基础了,再回头来学习这些内容也是可以的。<span></span></span></u></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p>
2016-10-29 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">&nbsp;4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">七言律句式对联的基本格式<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">最常见的对联格式与律诗中的颌联、颈联格式一致。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">因此,叫做律句式的对联。律句对联的掌握,是写好律诗的基础。律诗有七律、五律,相应的对联是七言、五言的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">七言律句式的对联有两种基本形式(称为“正格”):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一种:(平起)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:79.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">[</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">说明:</span></b><b><i><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">“平起”通常是对上联来说的 </span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">]</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平平仄仄平平仄<span>&nbsp; </span>(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">0011001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄仄平平仄仄平<span>&nbsp; </span>(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1100110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二种:(仄起)<span>[</span>说明:<span style="color:red;">“仄起”也是对上联来说的</span><span>]</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄仄平平平仄仄<span>&nbsp; </span>(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1100011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平平仄仄仄平平<span>&nbsp; </span>(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">0011100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">正格的这两种形式,一定要记住,记牢!(随时随地要能背出来。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(<span style="color:red;">请留意:七言律句式对联这四种句式的前四个字,都是上一节“</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">五、平仄相谐:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">……<span>2. </span>平仄相谐规则:马蹄韵</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">”中“平仄杆”的两节,只有后三字缀以“平平仄(<span>001</span>)”、“仄仄平(<span>110</span>)”、“平仄仄(<span>011</span>)”、“仄平平(<span>100</span>)”。这样就好记了。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一种形式的对联如:<span><br /> </span>莺歌燕舞留春住(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平平仄仄平平仄 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">0011001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">虎跃龙腾报晓来(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄仄平平仄仄平</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"> 1100110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二种形式的对联如:<span><br /> </span>浩海腾霞燃玉宇(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄仄平平平仄仄 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1100011</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">高山仰日照神州(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平平仄仄仄平平 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">0011100</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">但是做对联,并不要求一定是正格。句中有些字的平仄可以灵活变换,叫做“变格”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">句中平仄变格的原则,是在不违反以后将要讲到的避忌“孤平”、“三平尾”、“三仄尾”的前提下,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">大体</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">可以用如下的口诀来概括:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“一三五不论,二四六分明”<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">也就是说七言句的第一、三、五字可以“不论”平仄,而有一定灵活变化的</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">可能</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">;而第二、四、六字一定要论平仄,而且要严格“分明”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.1pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此规则的要点在于:只注重双音节词组第二个字的平仄交替,而第一个字则可以灵活处理。 具体来说,是:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第一种:(平起)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平<span> *</span>仄 <span style="color:fuchsia;">#</span>平仄 <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄平平 <span style="color:fuchsia;">*</span>仄平 &nbsp;<span style="color:red;">(注意:从简单的情形学起,第三字“平”先没有考虑变,变了以后情形变得更复杂一些。)<span></span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这里需要说明,第一句第一字的<span> #</span>、第三字的 <span>* </span>,以及第二句第一字的<span> * </span>,当两句第五字都不变的话,属于正常变格,并不引起对这句的基本判断。而两句的<span style="color:fuchsia;">第五字</span>如果出现与正格不同的平仄变化,叫做“拗句”(正常变格不叫“拗句”)。拗句的情形处理起来,稍微麻烦一点(拗句及救拗详见下节)。初学时先尽量不要出现拗句的情形,即最好第五字先不考虑变,(但实际上,这第五字是可以变的。)即先学习正常变格的情形,再考虑非正常变格的情形。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">第二种:(仄起)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">*</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">仄<span>#</span>平 <span style="color:fuchsia;">平</span>仄仄<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">#</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">平<span>*</span>仄 <span style="color:fuchsia;">仄</span>平平<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">此时,两句的第五字的变化就更不能随便变了,否则会出现三平尾与三仄尾的情况(所以格式中两句的第五字不用<span> # * </span>),详见下节。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">还有一点值得说明的是:在变格的情形下,由于第一个字往往可变:可平可仄,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><i><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">则所谓“平起”、“仄起”就应是按上联的第二个字来定的。为统一起见,正格也都是由上联的第二个字来决定“平起”或“仄起”的指示字。<span></span></span></i></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">请注意:这一规则,一直到绝句与律诗中,都是如此的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:49.45pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">辅导:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">这一节给出的七言联的两种正格形式是最基本的,一定要牢记于心。是撰写、欣赏、鉴别七言对联合格与否的基本依据。这种两两重复平仄交替的音韵节奏,是对联包括诗词音乐美的基础。一定要细心体会于心。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <br /> </p>
2016-10-29 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对韵学习及有关资料介绍<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(以下对联适应性资料,供你参考,不必硬记硬背!)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">在即将开始进行对联练习的时候,我们来逐步适应字、词、短语的平仄对仗关系。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有些学员说对联概念容易学,但一开始对句,便缺乏词语,往往不知从何对起。先来熟悉各种景物、事物、人物、各种被描述对象的对仗关系,是很必要的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">古之学子,自幼要学习各种声律启蒙的读物,才能适应科举考试的需要。这类资料,最主要的有:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">车万育</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">《</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">声律启蒙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">》、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">佚名</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">《声蒙启律》、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">司守谦</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">《训蒙骈句》</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">李渔</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">《笠翁对韵》</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">陆伟廉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">《</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">对韵屑玉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:red;">》</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">等几种。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:maroon;">网上能找到的这类资料还有:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;">杨林兰《<span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1402619.htm" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none;"><span>声律发蒙</span></span></a></span>》、佚名《对类》、苏友章《时古对类》、佚名《<span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/4251869.htm" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none;"><span>学对歌诀</span></span></a></span>》、熊颖湄《声律指南》、苏友章《中药对韵》、陈华棠《<span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1215005.htm" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none;"><span>韵律例对</span></span></a></span>》、熊尚鸿《对韵初阶》、严家骏、胡术林《声律初步》、萧玉苍《新编韵对》、蒋兰实《联韵新编》、蒋兰实《联韵新编<span>(</span>《学宋斋词韵》仄声<span>)</span>》、徐平《药学联韵》、杨天材《对韵全璧》、杨天材《对韵全璧续编》、刘亦山《新编通俗对韵》、李云蔚《红豆情深鼓子词》、郁犁《新四声对韵》、靳中人《<span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2664861.htm" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none;"><span>新声律启蒙</span></span></a></span>》、李瀚《<span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/212790.htm" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none;"><span>蒙求</span></span></a></span>》、周守忠《中医蒙求》等。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:maroon;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">对于缺乏这一课的今人,在学习对联与古体诗词的时候,有必要来补一补这一课。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">大多数这样的对韵资料都是以写作诗词时所用的“平水韵”或今韵的声韵为序排列的。少数也有按分类排序的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">首先,我们以今人刘亦山编写的《新编通俗对韵》为依据来熟悉。这份资料也是以“平水韵”平声部为序的。现将其声部标序去掉,并删除注释,部份引列如下:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">河对海,岭对峰。陕北对山东。大连对深圳,夹谷对长冲。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">闯新路,游故宫。父老对儿童。春来四野绿,日出九州红。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">填海移山真壮士,顶天立地是英雄。保卫边疆,个个龙腾虎跃;振兴生产,村村林茂粮丰。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">无对有,始对终。秋露对春风。青山对绿水,电闪对雷轰。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">舒伟略,树奇功。鸟雀对昆虫。言美行为美,人穷志不穷。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">发奋读书心爱国,热忱习武志从戎。蝶舞翩翩,遨游百花大苑;鹰扬矫矫,搏击万里长空。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">(每句落脚到的韵字:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">峰、东、冲、宫、红、雄、丰;终、风、轰、功、虫、穷、戎、空。(除了一个“轰”字)都在“平水韵”的“上平一东”中。)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">…………<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">纯对杂,拣对掺。蒲柳对松杉。幼儿对老叟,拔类对平凡。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">鹰矫矫,兔</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">毚毚</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">。棉袄对汗衫。平原无乱石,峻岭有悬岩。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">刁顽放纵人人怨,弱小哀怜个个搀。绘影图形,即兴便将风月弄;吟诗作对,有心常把姓名嵌。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">(每句落脚到的韵字:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">掺、杉、凡、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300;">毚</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">、衫、岩、搀;嵌。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">都在“平水韵”的“下平十五咸”中。)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:33.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(全文见“对仗练习资料”。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">下面我们再列出另一份《</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">学对歌诀</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">》共大家参考,其主要部分是按词性分类排列的。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">平对仄,仄对平。平仄两分明。有无与虚实,死活并重轻。上去入声皆仄韵,东西南字是平声。虚对实,实对虚。轻重莫偏枯。留心勤事业,满腹富诗书。古人已用三更足,年少今开万卷余。寻义理,辨声音。呼吸务调匀。宫商角徵羽,牙齿舌喉唇。难呼语气皆为浊,易纽言词尽属清。须熟习,莫闲嬉。讲解更思微。磨穿桑氏砚,坚下董生帷。一旦首登龙虎榜,十年身到凤凰池。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">天文</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"> 天对地,地对天。日月对山川。祥云对瑞雪,暮雨对朝烟。北斗七星三四点,南山万寿十千年。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">…………<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">将乍</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"> 久对暂,乍对将。欲绽对初芳。偏宜对雅称,甚愧对何妨。横斜北斗夜将半,萧瑟西风天正凉。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">(全文见</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">“对仗练习资料”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">《声律启蒙》、《笠翁对韵》、《训蒙骈句》、《声蒙启律》等这些传统对韵练习资料网上都能搜到。我提供的“对仗练习资料”中除上述四份,还列出了《对韵屑玉》、《学对歌诀》、《新编韵对》、《新四声对韵》、《新编通俗对韵》五篇,(还有《红豆情深鼓子词》)共十种资料(涵盖了网上最主要的对韵资料),免去大家再去下载的麻烦,大家不妨复制下来学习参考。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">这些资料中的对仗词语可以用于楹联,组成骈偶句还同样可以用于诗词或骈赋。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:49.45pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">辅导:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">从练习<span>3</span>开始,要正式开始练习对句了。初学者应该从工对学起,所谓“入门须正”。待有基础了,在写实用联时是可以适当放宽的。犹如练书法,需从“横平竖直”的正楷学起,一点马虎不得。待得心应手了,再练行书、草书,行草字的“横平竖直”规则是可以放宽的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">我们来举几个工对的例子,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">杜甫有一首绝句:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">两个黄鹂鸣翠柳,一行白鹭上青天。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">第<span>12</span>句、第<span>34</span>句就是两首极为工整的对联。“黄鹂鸣翠柳”与“白鹭上青天”是同一画面的两道景致;“窗含…雪”与“门泊…船”也是远近两道风景,十分协调。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">雨霁风清山滴翠<span>/</span>霞明日暖水流金</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">黄鹤楼边明月小<span>/</span>寒山寺外晓风轻</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">“山滴翠”、“水流金”; “…楼边明月小”、“…寺外晓风轻”对的工整,意境燮和。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">一些人在没有认真学好对联五要素的情况下,就急于参与对句。我从他们的对句中随便摘下下面这些对句的后三字,你能看出这些对联的后三字有何不妥吗?<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……东流去<span>/</span>……心上来;……相对饮<span>/</span>……不留心;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……谁与共<span>/</span>……月不知;……三秋雨<span>/</span>……游子吟;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……莺乱语<span>/</span>……恨无凭;……欺老髯<span>/</span>……了浮名;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">将进</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">酒<span>/</span>……沁</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">园</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">春;……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">为</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">毛</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">线</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">诉</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">竹情;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……老不死</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">总</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">无愁;……成</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">驴</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">友</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">有故情;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……春有脚</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">夜无眠;……高大上</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">/</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#993300;">好春光。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">不管它们与前四字是否搭配,也不管它们的平仄是否正确,单从其词性和音律来看,您应能分析出它们对得不好的原因之所在。除了词性不对,短语对得不合适,有的音律也不对。(如果您也不能辨别,请在练习中询问。)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">有些学员说,对联的规则要求容易学会,但一参与对句,却总是不会创意,找不到适当的词语。其实没什么捷径,大家有空多看看对韵资料,多看看别人的对句,看多了印象就深刻了。资料和现成的对句并不要硬记,也不是每次对句都一定要按照某些固定的词句来对。多看是为了增加对句与对仗词汇的阅读面,印象深了对句时就轻车熟路了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对联的内容,依所表述的目的和描述的对象,可以大致分为三个大类;<span><br /> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">一.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:red;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">胜景类:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对联上下联的句子纯粹描绘自然景色。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">西风吹汉阙<span>/</span>暮雨隐唐宫;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">二.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:red;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">抒情类:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对联上下联的句子看似写景,实是抒发内心感受或宣泄个人情怀(往往带有情感强烈的词汇)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">灞桥凭柳泣<span>/</span>铜雀断桥愁;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">三.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:red;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:黑体;color:red;">哲理类:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对联上下联的句子阐述和表达社会道德观念和哲学思想。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">大道无为处<span>/</span>佛缘有遇时;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">我们初学对联,先从较容易的第一类胜景类开始。对多了再对后两类。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">举一些例子来看如何思考胜景类对句的意境营造,即如何构建协调的对联画面环境。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">每一幅对联都要创造一幅有声有色的图画:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">灼灼桃花开柳岸<span>/</span>潺潺涧水绕山村——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">这是一幅有山有水、有柳有桃花的胜景;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">鸟衔星月水中戏<span>/</span>鱼挂云帆天上游——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">这是一幅有鸟有鱼、有星有云的夜景;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">芭蕉叶上泉流细<span>/</span>杨柳枝头鸟语轻——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">细雨天,芭蕉叶上水流淌;杨柳枝头鸟鸣啾。其景不难想象。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">根据一联景象的提示,只要你充分发挥想象,你所到过的地方,你所见过的景象,你的全部生活体验,都会涌现到你脑海中来。你就容易造出对应的联句来。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">思考题:背出七言联正格的两种形式。分清正格、变格的区别;分清平起、仄起的区别。变格时哪些字可平可仄,要逐渐熟悉。你不妨默写出来,如果是初次接触这方面的内容,可以先只记背下七言联正格的两种形式。变格再逐渐记,记不得可以中间去翻看资料,争取尽快记下来。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">练习题:<span>3</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">请问下面<span>8</span>幅七言律句式的对联中:<span style="color:blue;"></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">①<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">天连五岭银锄落<span>/</span>地动三河铁臂摇<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">②<span>.</span>梦里依稀慈母泪<span>/</span>城头变幻大王旗<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">③<span>.</span>乾坤日月祥光照<span>/</span>龙虎风云瑞气生<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">④<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">水如碧玉山如黛<span>/</span>露似珍珠月似弓<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">⑤<span>.</span>正是风轻荷媚处<span>/</span>恰逢花好月圆时<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">⑥<span>.</span>庙内无僧风扫地<span>/</span>寺中有客月临庭<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">⑦<span>.</span>千年古树当衣架<span>/</span>万里长江作浴盆<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">⑧<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">好古不求秦以下<span>/</span>游心常在物之初<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">属于第一种(平起)式的是<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">属于第二种(仄起)式的是<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">属于正格的是<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">属于变格的是<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></u><span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">将下面出句按:平起正格和平起变格两种要求各对一句。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">出句:山前岭后风梳柳<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对句:<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">平起正格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">出句:山前岭后风梳柳<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对句:<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></u><span>&nbsp;</span>(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">平起变格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">将下面出句按:仄起正格和仄起变格两种要求各对一句。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">出句:柳叶湖边风送燕<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对句:<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></u>(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">仄起正格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)</span></b><b><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></u></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">出句:柳叶湖边风送燕<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对句:<u><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></u>(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">仄起变格</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">)</span></b><b><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></u></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">(注意:此次练习中的变格对句,变字的位置可由自己决定。对句时,要按照五要素的要求作,尤其是第三条要仔细斟酌每个字的词性与音步。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <br /> </p>
2016-10-22 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对联五要素<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:34.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:38.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:宋体;">对联都有严格的格律要求。概括之,对联必须具备五个最基本的要素:(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">新《联律通则》规定为<span>6</span>条,此处仍按原来通则讲解——请留意其区别。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:宋体;">)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:60.7pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">字数相等;<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:60.7pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">内容相关;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:60.7pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">词性相当;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:60.7pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">结构相称;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">(新《联律通则》派生出“节律对拍”一条。本资料包含在此条内)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:60.7pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平仄相谐。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">下面分而述之。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:36.05pt;text-indent:-36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">一、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">字数相等</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">不仅单句联(即每一联只有一个单句)的上联字数等于下联字数,长联中的上、下联各分句字数也应分别对应相等。不合此律的特例偶尔也有,但是很罕见。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">例如有人撰联讽刺袁世凯:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">袁世凯千古,<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">中国人民万岁。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">故意让上联少一字,贬损他。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">长联也偶有字数不一致的情形,但极少。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">二、内容相关</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">一副对联的上、下联之间,内容(联意)应当有某种关联。如果上、下联各写一个完全不相关的事物,两者不能照映、贯通、呼应,称为“隔”的毛病。不能算一幅合格的对联,甚至不能算作对联。比如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:56.2pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">一劳永逸长生乐;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:56.2pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">万象回春大地新。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">此联在平仄、词性方面基本对称,但上、下联内容相互孤立,不能共同表达一个完整的主题。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">上、下联内容的关联关系大致可分为两种:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">正对:即上、下联立意相近;(但不是合掌,有关)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">反对:即上、下联立意相反。(但不是无关,不隔)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">另外,上、下联内容之间应存在各种逻辑关系,常见的有并列、连贯、递进、假设、条件、转折、选择、因果、目的等。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:-6.95pt;text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">内容不关联或关联牵强是常犯的毛病,值得注意。但有特例,专门制作一种完全不相关的对联,叫做“无情对”。“无情对”也有某种妙趣,将在以后介绍到。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">内容相关又有个禁忌:即同义相对,叫做“合掌”。制作对联,或者应对时,要避免同义相对(合掌),是说上、下联相对的语句,其意思应尽量避免雷同(即完全是一个意思)。如“旭日”对“朝阳”、“史册”对“汗青”、“神州千古秀”对“赤县万年春”、“生意兴隆通四海”对“财源茂盛达三江”等,都属合掌。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">当然,个别非中心词语的合掌,或者合掌部分在联中比重很小,无伤大雅,还是可以的。某些情况下,使用含义相近的语句相对,能起到加强的作用,也未尝不可。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">心色皆空成正道<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">根尘俱彻证圆通<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">此联上下联联义颇为接近,但终究不是同义。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:55.25pt;text-indent:-55.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">三、词性相当</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">、现代汉语词性分类<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">实词,意义比较具体的词。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:44.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">包括:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:44.95pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">名词(含方位词)、动词、形容词(含颜色、声音等词)、数词、量词、代词六类。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">虚词,没有完整的词汇意义,但有语法意义或功能意义的词。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">包括:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词、象声词六类。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">这些上初中时,都应该学过,不详。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:32.15pt;text-indent:-32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">、词性相当的规则<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">词性相当是指上下联同一位置的词或词组,应具有相同或相近的词性。即实词对实词;虚词对虚词。实词中,名词对名词;动词对动词;形容词对形容词;数词对数词;量词对量词;代词对代词。虚词中,也要求</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">副词、介词、连词、助词、拟声词、叹词分别相对。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">对联有严格对仗的“严式对”与略微放宽的“宽式对”或叫“放</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">宽对</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">”。严式对要求严格遵循上面的词类对应规则。传统的联律中,词性分类更为细致。名词还要区分,实名词:天文、地理、时令、宫室、国号、姓名、身体、衣帛、文史、珍宝、器皿、食馔、果品、蔬菜、饭食、茶酒、草木、药石、鸟兽、虫名;虚名词:声色、情怀、方隅、分别等。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">初学对联,应先学习“严式对”。即最好进行词类的细致区分。但在实际运用的实用联中,往往可以用放宽词性分类的“宽式对”。不过放宽是有限的,细类可以不究,名词、动词、形容词、数词、副词、拟声词这些词性大类是不能混淆的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">(参见工具资料之</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">简要汉语语法知识</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">)。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">四、结构相称</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">所谓结构相称,是指上下联语句的语法结构<span>(</span>或说其词组和短语的词性与组成结构以及</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:maroon;">音律音步结构</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">,应当相同。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">对应部位的词性要一致,组成结构也要一致:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">主谓结构对主谓结构;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">动宾结构对动宾结构;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">并列结构对并列结构;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">偏正结构对偏正结构;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">等等。如<span>:</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">一心常忍辱<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">万事且随缘<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">此联上、下联皆为主谓宾结构。其中,“一心<span>/</span>万事”皆为偏正结构,“忍辱<span>/</span>随缘”皆为动宾结构。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">如春联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">春回大地千峰秀<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">日暖神州万木荣<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">此联上、下联各为两个单句,“春回大地<span>/</span>日暖神州”为主谓宾结构;“千峰秀<span>/</span>万木荣”为主谓结构。其中,“春<span>/</span>日”为时节名词;“大地<span>/</span>神州”为偏正名词;“千峰<span>/</span>万木”为数名词;“回<span>/</span>暖、秀<span>/</span>荣”为动词做谓语。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">又如有联:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">软首妙光,威名显赫<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">雄狮利剑,宝相庄严<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“软首妙光<span>/</span>雄狮利剑”<span>,</span>皆为并列结构;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“威名显赫<span>/</span>宝相庄严”<span>,</span>皆为主谓结构<span>;</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“ 软首<span>/</span>雄狮”、“妙光<span>/</span>利剑”、“威名<span>/</span>宝相”<span>,</span>皆为偏正结构;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“显赫<span>/</span>庄严”,皆为并列结构。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">但在词性相当的情况下,有些较为近似或较为特殊的句式结构,其要求可以适当放宽。例如,“还我河山<span>/</span>逐胡韬略”。“还我河山”为动宾结构(“河山”双宾语),“逐胡韬略”为偏正结构,作为结构上之宽对,也能允许。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">音律音步结构<span>&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">是指句子以语词意义为基本单位的音步单元,诵读时不能割裂或其后方可稍稍停顿的基本单位。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“我读书”的音步节奏是<span>111</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“我读小说”是<span>112</span>(因为“小说”必须连读,分开就不是“小说”这个意思了!);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“我草草看‘红楼梦’”是<span>1213</span>。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">数字</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">是音节(音步)单元的汉字数目。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">来看对联的音节节奏排序。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">无边<span>/</span>落木<span>/</span>萧萧<span>/</span>下<span>//</span>不尽<span>/</span>长江<span>/</span>滚滚<span>/</span>来<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">节奏是:<span>2221 // 2221</span>;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">宜将<span>/</span>剩勇<span>/</span>追<span>/</span>穷寇<span>//</span>不可<span>/</span>沽名<span>/</span>学<span>/</span>霸王<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">节奏是:<span>2212 // 2212&nbsp; </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">对联上下联的节奏都完全一致。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">我们再来看两个对得有毛病的例子:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">寄语南飞雁<span>/</span>举杯游子心</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">寄语<span>/</span>南<span>/</span>飞雁;或: 寄语<span>/</span>南飞<span>/</span>雁<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">举杯<span>/</span>游子<span>/</span>心<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——先看对句“游子心”只能读成“游子<span>-</span>(的)<span>-</span>心”,即<span>21</span>节奏;“游<span>-</span>子心”<span>12</span>读法是不通的;——而“南飞雁”可以读成“南飞<span>-</span>(的)<span>-</span>雁”,即也读成<span>21</span>,“南飞<span>/</span>游子”词性结构就不一致,是显而易见的;也可以读成“(向)南<span>-</span>(的)<span>-</span>飞雁”即<span>12 </span>。上句与下句音律音步就不同,不相对了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">又如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">挚友呼来相向饮<span>/</span>闲云飘去不停留<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">挚友<span>/</span>呼来<span>/</span>相向<span>/</span>饮<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">闲云<span>/</span>飘去<span>/</span>不<span>/</span>停留<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">——下句只能读成“…不<span>-</span>停留”<span>12</span>(“不停<span>-</span>留”<span>21</span>读法是不通的);上句只能读成“…相向<span>-</span>饮”<span>21 </span>(“相<span>-</span>向饮”<span>12</span>是不通的),因此音律结构不同,不能成对。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">总之,上下联的用词造句,在词性和结构这两个语法要求上<span>,</span>应尽量相当或相称(也就是保持对仗),以使上、下联在结构上显得协调与工整。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">这些要求在实用中根据联意可以适当放宽允许变通(如义对、借对等)的情形,暂不叙述。词性与结构规则中还有一些特例,如当句对(“句中自对”)等提高篇部分再涉及。<span><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">词性及结构的对仗中有一个重要规则,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">禁止上下两联“同位重字”和“异位重字”。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">即一联不管是“同位”还是“异位”上使用过的单个字,另一联不得再使用。例如不能:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">春</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">风吹大地<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">春</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">雨落长空”(同位重字);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">也不能:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">长</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">风迎朝旭<span>/</span>薄雾启</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">长</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">天”(异位重字)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">但是同一句中,可以使用重字。例如可以:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">春</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">雨</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">春</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">风</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">春</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">色美”,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">此时在下句的同一位置上也要求重字。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">例如“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">晓</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">霞</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">晓</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">露</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">晓</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">光明”(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">而且少重一个字都不行</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">对联中同一句允许出现连续的重字叫“叠字”<span>,</span>叠字是对联中常用的修辞手法。但重叠的字在上、下联中的位置要完全一致。如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">红尘滚滚<span>/</span>世事纷纷。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">还有一些特殊重字的规则,暂不涉及。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:0.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">五、平仄相谐</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">平仄归类标准<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">在现代对联写作中,既可以以上述介绍的今音四声(阴、阳、上、去)为平仄归类;也可以以古四声(平、上、去、入)为平仄归类。但不应在一副对联中,古、今音混用,这一点必须记住。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:3.75pt;text-indent:-3.85pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:fuchsia;">平仄相谐规则:马蹄韵<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:25.55pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">当代楹联界公认的平仄相谐规则是中南大学楹联研究所余德泉教授提出的“马蹄韵”规则。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">马蹄韵最基本的规则是:“平平仄仄”两两交替!这是马蹄韵对联规则的精华所在,因状如马蹄的“嘀嘀哒哒”节奏,“马蹄韵”因此而得名。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">无论上联,还是下联;无论是单句,还是复句;无论字数多少,除结尾部分之外,都是:<span> </span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">上:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">……平</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平仄仄平平仄仄平平仄仄平平仄仄</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">下:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">……</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">仄仄平平仄仄平平仄仄平平仄仄</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">平</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">……<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:31.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">这其中截取的一段。(这叫做“平仄杆”,进阶篇还要再细述。)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">下联平仄要求和上联要一一对应相反。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:27.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">联脚字(最后一字)必须严格相反,这一点要首先记住。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:38.3pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">辅导:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对联的五要素:“字数相等,内容相关,词性相当,结构相称,平仄相谐”,看似很复杂,用起来是很简洁的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:34.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">字数相等</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">”,显而易见,一般都字数多少一致;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:34.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">内容相关</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">”,想而当然(连一篇文章,不也是一个主题吗);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:34.05pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">词性相当,结构相称</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">”这两条可以合起来看,就是两联句子的词语成分和音律结构(或说“音步组成”)要完全一致;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">平仄相谐</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">”, 就是两联句子字词的平仄要对应相反。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">因此,对多数初学者而言,对联要特别关注的核心要求,就是后面这两项。掌握起来就比较容易了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">有些学员可能还是第一次接触对联的要求,会把重点放在“平仄相谐”上;而有些学员则可能有了一些基础,或者对过对联甚至写过律诗,“平仄相谐”的要求不是主要的,重点是要学习“词性相当,结构相称”的规则。这都是适当的。大家根据自己的情况,学习有所侧重,经过一段时间的学习就都会有自己各不相同的收获了。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">举例来分析对联五要素中的</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">词性相当,结构相称</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">这一条</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">是如何体现的:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">示例一:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">天连五岭银锄落<span>/</span>地动三河铁臂摇<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">天<span>/</span>地——名词;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">连<span>/</span>动——动词;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">五岭<span>/</span>三河——数词、名词;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">银锄<span>/</span>铁臂——名词偏正短语(主语);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">落<span>/</span>摇——动词(谓语)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">音律节奏都是<span>11221 </span>(或<span>2221</span>)。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:purple;">示例二<i>:<span></span></i></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">诗堪入画方称妙;官若能贫乃是清</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">诗<span>/</span>官——名词(主语);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">堪<span>/</span>若——副词;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">入画<span>/</span>能贫——动宾短语;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">方称<span>/</span>乃是——副词动词偏正短语(谓语);<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">妙<span>/</span>清——形容词(宾语)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">音律节奏都是<span>11221 </span>。</span></b><b><i><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"><br /> <br /> </span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">练习<span>2</span>:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">试分析如下对联五要素中的</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">“词性相当,结构相称”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">这一条</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">是如何体现的:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">寂月眠云榻<span>/</span>孤松对水帘。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">红杏枝头春意闹<span>/</span>乌衣巷口晚霞暄<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">厚地高天,堪叹古今情不尽<span>//</span>痴男怨女,可怜风月债难酬</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:maroon;">(至少完成前两题)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p>
2016-10-15 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;"><br /> </span><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">对联格律的基础:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:90pt;text-indent:55pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">字的平仄声调<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">中国国粹古典诗词与对联之所以很美,一个重要因素是读起来有阴阳顿挫的音韵美,而且句与句之间互协抑扬高低。这种文学形式蕴含的音乐美,是由创作时字句声调的安排即所谓格律决定的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">汉字的声调,古音比今音要复杂。入门时,我们先从简化了的以</span></b><b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">普通话为基础</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">的今音新韵开始学习。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">因此入门篇默认今音新韵</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">,不特别说明的话,都只使用今音。到“进阶篇”才学习使用古音(</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">请大家记住</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">)。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">今天的汉字只分四声:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">阴平——第一声;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">阳平——第二声;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">上声——第三声;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">去声——第四声。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.4pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">阴平、阳平,即第一、第二声,发声平稳,我们把读这两种声调的字,叫做“平声字”;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.4pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">上声、去声,即第三、第四声,发声陡仄,我们把读这两种声调的字,叫做“仄声字”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">今音普通话中的所有汉字,非平即仄,非仄即平。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">例如“天、风、云、霞、山、河、湖、花、荷、梅、兰、诗、词、楼、林、枝、他、谁、魂、吟、飞、红、黄、清……”等等都是平声字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">而“地、雨、雾、岳、海、谷、麦、水、叶、树、我、你、去、走、打、笑、大、小、语、影、写、赞、紫、绿……”等等都是仄声字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">在对联、诗词中表示字的平仄要求的时候,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">有以下几种方法</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">①<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">在一些出版物中,直接用汉字表示平仄,而用带圈或带框的字来表示可平可仄的字:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“平”——表示“平声”字; <span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“仄”——表示“仄声”字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:black;"><span style="font-size:24px;">带</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:24px;font-family:宋体;color:black;">圈</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:black;"><span style="font-size:24px;">平</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">”或“带框平”——表示“平可仄”字;</span><span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">“带圈</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:black;"><span style="font-size:24px;">仄</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">”或“带框仄”——表示“仄可平”字;</span><span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">“中”——表示完全没有平仄要求的字。</span><span></span></b> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">有时还简单地以“中”来代替“带圈</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:black;"><span style="font-size:24px;">平</span></span></b></b><b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">‘平可仄’、带圈</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"><span style="font-size:24px;">仄</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">‘仄可平’”的字,这在表示词谱时会带来许多不便。</span></b></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">②.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">早年有一些专业书籍上,用横竖线段来表示平仄字:</span></b> </b> </p> <p> <br /> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“―”——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">表示“平声字”;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">│</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">”——表示“仄声字”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">优点是很直观形象,可惜没见到有表示“可平可仄”字的符号。除书籍印刷之外,使用起来也不便。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">③<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">在古典诗词资料例如《钦定词谱》中使用的符号(引用《钦定词谱》的时候都用这类符号,大家务必要熟悉):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">○</span><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">”——</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">表示“平声”字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">●</span><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">—— 表示“仄声”字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">◎</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”——表示“平可仄(尽量用平放宽可用仄声)”字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">⊙</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">”——表示“仄可平(尽量用仄放宽可用平声)”字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">有些资料例如“常用词谱<span>50</span>例”,对叶韵的字,还规定了专门的符号:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“<span>△</span>”——叶平声韵的字;</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">“<span>▲</span>”——叶仄声韵的字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(《钦定词谱》没用这两个符号,而是在例词的相应位置,用“韵”字注明的。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">④<span>.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">今天信息时代最通用最方便的表示符号:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“<span>0</span>”—— 表示“平声”字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“<span>1</span>”—— 表示“仄声”字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">可惜没有与“平可仄”、“仄可平”对应的符号。为了表示方便,我们今后将经常使用“<span>0</span>、<span>1</span>”来表示平仄,就设定:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“<span>#</span>”—— 表示“平可仄”字;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">“<span>*</span>”—— 表示“仄可平”字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">因为这两种符号是连手机上也最常见最易打出的符号。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">有了这些符号,就容易标注对联的平仄规律了。例如:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">海内存知己:<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:宋体;">11001</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; </span></b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">●●○○●<b><span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">天涯若比邻:<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:宋体;">00110</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">&nbsp; </span></b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">○○●●○<b><span></span></b></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">海到无涯天作岸:</span></b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">●●○○○●● </span><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">││―――││</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">山登绝顶我为峰:</span></b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">○○○●●○○ </span><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">―――││――(“绝”今音平)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:36pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">入门篇,有时用“平”“仄”直接标示,更多的时候(练习中)为输入简单方便计,我们常用“<span>0</span>、<span>1</span>”表示平、仄,并增加“<span>#</span>、<span>*</span>”分别表示“平可仄、仄可平”两种需要限定声调的字,同时在用文字“平、仄”表示时,也借用“<span>#</span>、<span>*</span>”来代替</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">(平带</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">○</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"><span>)</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">‘平可仄’、</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">(仄带</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">○</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">‘仄可平’”两种字</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">。请大家留意。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:35pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.4pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.4pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">辅导:<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:39.4pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">尽管你可能会有地方方言的困扰,但如果按普通话读音的四声辨析没有困难的话,决定字的平仄应该是没有问题的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:40.5pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">在学习区分字的平仄的时候,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">为什么要在入门篇“默认今音”?</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对于刚接触古韵的朋友,从今音学起,起点比较低,容易入门,符合由易到难、由简到繁的原则。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">对于已经熟悉古音入声字的朋友,对“一、七、八、十、白、出、发、节、合、夕、学、竹、菊、……”等等这些字已经习惯它们是仄声了,回过头来按今音认它们为平声,可以进一步巩固入声字的</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">辨析。有一点请予重视,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">有些字的平仄,如果没有把握,要习惯经常使用字典。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">你浏览器收藏夹的工具栏里,应该有“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">在线新华字典</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">”,进阶篇以后还应该有“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">在线康熙字典</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">”。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">给一幅对联标平仄,例如要标(此作为练习一的样板):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">窗寒梅影淡<span>/</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">林静鸟声幽。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">窗寒梅影淡<span>&nbsp; </span>——<span>00011</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">林静鸟声幽<span>&nbsp; </span>——<span>01100</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:26.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:purple;">练习<span>1</span>:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">将下面对联标平仄(使用“<span>0</span>、<span>1</span>”符号按文中例):(读音以“新华字典”查得的今普通话读音为准)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">一岭松风天放鹤<span>/</span>半山云雾洞藏仙。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">向阳门第春常在<span>/</span>积善人家庆有余。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">竹本无心,节外偏添枝叶<span>//</span>藕虽有孔,胸中不染尘埃</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">明月初临,夕阳乍隐,趁恁好心情,请君同入潇湘梦<span>//</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:23.6pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;">春花正苒,时雨将兴,凭斯新景致,偕汝共谐秦晋缘。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">(“<span>/</span>”与“<span>//</span>”是对联单句与复句上下两联的隔开符号,一般只用于行文或题目上。正规的对联格式,应该写成正文中上下两行的形式。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p>
2016-10-15 00:00
<p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:42.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">第一章:对联入门篇<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;">序言: 对联简述</span></b><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;">中国的悠久文化,主要依靠汉字流传至今。汉字是华夏文化的载体,没有汉字,中华民族的普遍认同感,炎黄子孙的强大凝聚力是不可想像的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">以方块形、单音节为特征的汉字是符号文字,形声兼备,视听俱佳,分辨率高,组合力强,信息量大,传播久远。作为文学的信息载体,汉字的优越性超过拼音文字是无庸置疑的。这一点,通过我们的学习,大家将会有更深的体会。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.25pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">现代文学中的诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧,各国都有,唯有对联是中国特有的,功在汉字。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:28.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">对联采诗、词、曲、赋、骈文之精华,穷平仄对仗虚实之变化,形成了具有中国特色的文学体裁,包含了传统文化的基因,可谓中华之瑰宝,国学之明珠!<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">对联,雅称“楹联”,俗称对子。它言简意深,对仗工整,平仄协调。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">对联由上、下两句组成,分别称为“上联”、“下联”。有些用于张贴的对联,还需要一个横批。横批一般都由四字组成,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">它</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">紧扣主题</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">,可以说是对联的题目,也是对联的中心和灵魂。好的横批在对联中可以起到画龙点睛、与上下联相互补充的作用。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24px;">张贴对联的时候,一定要按照汉语旧时竖排的习惯,右上左下,贴反了就贻笑大方了。</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b></b> </p> </span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<b><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:宋体;">对联按字数与句式结构,按功能与应用场合,可以分成若干种,以后再逐步介绍。</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">辅导:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">有人说:“我只学词,或者只学诗词,不学对联可不可以?”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">我说:不好!几乎可以说不行。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">近体诗中的律诗,必须要用对仗句,词中也常常要用到对仗句。因此对仗是写作诗词的一个重要基础。学诗词临时来补习对仗知识是不敷使用的。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:32.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:blue;">中华古典文学的门类,其精髓是互通的。学习对联不但不会影响学习诗词的进度,反而会促进后面诗词曲赋的学习。学习总是由浅入深循序渐进的,首先学好对联初步,是学习诗词曲赋的一条捷径。学对联,不但掌握了一种专门的古韵门类,而且按照半文言思路组词造句的锻炼,是学习诗词曲赋的很好的热身。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.15pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">我们可以这样说:对联功夫好了,倒不一定诗词就好;但诗词要基本功好,必须要把对仗练好!<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:幼圆;color:blue;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.8pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.8pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">思考题:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:red;">(思考题不必写到练习本上,有疑问可以在“练习本”上提出,予以解答。——以后仝,不再注明。)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:red;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">请欣赏下面的对联(欣赏其中的词句美和意境美,格律美在学习了格律之后再回头体味。):<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">山高月小,水落石出。 (“石出”按今音读成第二声与第一声)<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">地到无涯天作界,山登绝顶我为峰。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">江河无止,终而为海;桃李不言,下自成溪。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">胜地重新,在红藕花中,绿杨阴里;清游自昔,看长天一色,朗月当空。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;"></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">五百里滇池,奔来眼底,披襟岸帻,喜茫茫空洞无边。看东骧神骏,西翥灵仪,北走蜿蜒,南翔缟素。高人韵士,何妨选胜登临。趁蟹屿螺洲,梳裹就风鬟雾鬓;更苹天苇地,占缀些翠羽丹霞。莫辜负四周香稻,万顷晴沙,九夏芙蓉,三春杨柳;<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">数千年往事,注到心头,把酒凌虚,叹滚滚英雄谁在?想汉习楼船,唐标铁柱,宋挥玉斧,元跨革囊。伟烈丰功,费尽移山心力。尽珠帘画栋,卷不及暮雨朝云;便断碣残碑,都付与苍烟落照。只赢得几杵疏钟,半江渔火,两行秋雁,一枕轻霜。<span></span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:fuchsia;">(此系有名的“天下第一长联”,书于昆明大观园公园大门前两侧。)<span></span></span></b> </p> <span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:幼圆;"><br /> <br /> </span>